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i^an^na(jQ  of  tfie 
Mtssissa^as 

OF  SKOGOG. 


...  BY  -    •    • 

A.  F.  CHAMBERLAIN. 


THE  LANGUAGE 


OF  THE 


j^/J^ississaga-     J^  ndiaLns 


OF  SKUGOG. 

A  Contribution  to  the  Linguistics  of  the  Algonkian 
TrilcS  of  Canada. 

BY 

ALEXANDER  FRANCIS  CHAMBERLAIN,  M.A., 

Late  Fellow  in  Modern  Languages  in  University  College,  Toronto; 

Fellow  in  Anthropology  in  Clark  University,  Worcester, 

Mass.;  Fellow  of  the  American  Association  eor 

THE   Advancement   of  Science. 


"  Language  is  a  solemti  thins;  it  groivs  out' of  li/e — out 

of  its  agonies  and  ecstasies,   its   uiants  ana  its  weariness. 

Every  language  is  a  temple,  in  "w/ticli  the  soul  of  those  luho 

speak  it  is  enshrined." 

— Oliver  Wendell  Holmes. 


Approved  as  a  Thesis  for  the  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  in 
Anthropology  at  Clark  University. 

fune  12,  i8gi.  F.  Boas. 


Philadelphia  : 
Press  of  MacCalla  &  Company,  237-9  Dock  St. 

—1892— 


«     «  • 

I   •        •  I  •  • 
•  • ••  •  • 


6      • 

9  • 


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.     •      .     'C       « 


♦  ••     •      •        • 

•  *        #  I   « 


I     •>         »   • 
I    *  •        •      * 

I  •    •       •    •   * 


123/ 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

Preface .0 

Introductory  Remarks  on  tlie  History  of  the  Mississagas,  etc  7-11 

The  Mississaga  Language 11-24 

Etymological  Vocabulary  of  the  Language  of  the  Mississagas  of 

Skugog 24-52 

English  and  Mississaga  Texts  of  Myths  of  the  Skugog  Indians 52-56 

2;     Songs 57-58 

J^     Tribal  and  Ethnic  Names „ 58-60 

^     Place  Names 60-62 

Names  of  Mythological  Characters 62-64 

Personal  Names 64-66 

S    ^Modern  Mississaga  Vocabulary  and  Texts 66-70 

c 

vi     Comparative  Vocabulary  of  Algonkian  Languages 71-72 

•La 

><     Older  Mississaga  Linguistic  Material — Smith  Barton,  The  Toronto 

MS... 73-76 

Vocabulary  from  the  Toronto  MS 76-79 

Bibliography  of  the  Mississaga  Language 80-84 


455740 


TO  HIS  PARENTS 

THE  AUTHOR 

INSCRIBES  THIS  ESSAY. 


PREFACE. 


In  liis  essay  on  "American  Languages,  and  Why  we  Should  Study 
Tlieni,"  Di-.  I ).  G.  Briulon  hasso  ably  pleaded  their  cause,  that  this  attempt 
at  the  study  of  one  of  the  Algonkian  dialects  needs  scarce  au  excuse,  ex- 
cept for  tiie  failings  it  may  possess.  It  is  intended  to  form  part  of  a  more 
ambitious  undertaking— "  The  History  of  the  Mississagas  "—on  which  the 
writer  has  been  for  some  years  past  engaged,  and  which  he  hopes  before 
long  to  publish. 

The  writer  begs  to  acknowledge  his  indebtedness  to  Auzozhay,  Xawi- 
gfckoke,  OsawanEmi'kl,  and  other  Mississagas,  who  have  contributed  to 
preserve  wliat  little  is  herein  contained  of  the  speech  and  legends  of  their 
people. 

He  also  desires  to  take  this  opportunity  of  thanking,  for  many  favors 
shown  him  in  the  past,  Mr.  James  Bain,  Jr.,  Chief  Librarian  of  the  Pub- 
lic Library,  Toronto,  and  Mr.  J.  C.  Pilling,  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology, 
Washington,  D.  C.  To  the  former  he  wishes  to  express  his  appreciation 
of  his  kindness  in  permitting  him  to  take  a  copy  of  the  Toronto  jMissis- 
saga  MS.,  and  to  the  latter  he  desires  to  return  thanks  for  the  very  kind 
manner  in  which  he  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  writer  the  proof-sheets 
of  that  portion  of  his  "Algonkian  Bibliography,"  now  in  press,  before 
publication.  The  writer  desires  also  to  testify  to  the  kindly  interest  taken 
in  the  labors  of  fellow-investigators,  by  Dr.  Brinton,  whose  works  have 
been  a  fertile  source  of  inspiration,  and  to  thank  Sir  Daniel  Wilson,  Presi- 
dent of  Toronto  University,  and  Dr.  Franz  Boas,  of  Clark  University, 
for  the  encouragement  they  have  afforded  him  in  the  study  of  American 
peoples  and  languages. 

Submitted  as  a  thesis  for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  in  the 
Department  of  Anthropology  in  Clark  University,  Worcester,  Mass. 


THE  LANGUAGE 


OF   THE 


MississAGA   Indians  of  Skugog, 


The  name  "3Iississaga,"  which  is  also  preserved  in  many  place-names 
in  the  Province  of  Ontario,  takes  us  back  to  the  Indians  who,  as  earh'  as 
the  year  1648,  are  described  as  dwelling  around  the  mouth  of  the  river 
'■  Mississague."  At  that  comparatively  early  period  they  are  noticed  as 
distin(;t  from  the  Saulteurs,  Outchibous,  Nouquets,  Marameg,  Achilyouans 
and  Amikouas,  all  Algonkian  tribes  of  the  northern  shores  of  Lakes  Huron 
and  Superior  (see  Rel.  des  Jcsuites,  1048,  p.  62  ;  1670-71,  pp.  25,  31). 

In  common  with  other  lake  tribes  the  Mississagas  seem  to  have  suffered 
much  from  the  incursions  of  the  warlike  Iroquois,  who  made  themselves 
the  terror  of  the  Algonkians  of  that  region.  During  the  early  j-ears  of 
the  eighteenth  century  they  advanced  gradually  eastward  and  southward, 
taking  possession  of  much  of  what  is  now  the  Province  of  Ontario,  not, 
liowever,  without  manj'  a  fierce  and  bloody  fight  with  their  hereditary 
foes,  the  savage  Iroquois.  And  tradition  points  out  as  the  battle-ground 
of  these  two  great  and  typical  American  races  spot  upon  spot  between 
the  Thousand  Islands  and  the  waters  of  Lake  Huron.  Their  chief  settle- 
ments in  Ontario  were  on  the  banks  of  the  River  Credit,  near  York  (now 
Toronto),  and  on  the  islands  and  shores  of  the  Bay  of  Quinte.  From 
these,  as  the  European  colonists  advanced,  they  gradually  retreated,  being 
located  by  the  Government  on  land  specially  reserved  for  them  in  various 
parts  of  the  countrj^  (see  Journ.  of  Amer.  Folk-Lore,  Vol.  i,  p.  150). 

As  is  evident  from  the  Journal  of  the  Rev.  Peter  Jones,  the  Mississagas 
were  acquainted  with  the  advantages  of  Skugog  island,  and  some  of  them 
dwelt  there,  long  before  the  establishment  of  the  Indian  reservation  by 
the  Government.  Under  date  of  3Iay  5,  1827,  he  records  a  visit  to  the 
"Indians  about  Sclioogog  Lake,"  and  relates  how  they  destroyed  two 
barrels  of  whisky  which  had  been  brouglit  amongst  tlieni  by  the  traders  ; 
and,  in  December  of  the  same  year,  he  mentions  receiving  "a  pleasing 
account  of  the  Christian  deportment  of  these  Indians."  In  April,  1828, 
lie  describes  the  encampment  of  some  one  hundred  Indians  "about  a 
mile  and  a  half  from  Sclioogog  Lake,"  and  mentions  the  fact  that  "the 
Schoogog  Indians  have  no  reserves  of  lands,  and  are  consequently  wholly 


dependent  on  Government  or  some  benevolent  Society  for  a  grant.  Now, 
instead  of  Government  applying  to  the  original  proprietors  of  the  soil  for 
land,  they  (the  natives)  have  to  pray  to  their  great  father  the  King  for  a 
place  to  lay  their  bones  in."  The  success  of  the  school  that  had  been 
established,  and  the  desire  of  the  Indian  women  "to  be  instructed  in  the 
habits  of  the  white  women,"  together  with  the  good  results  from  the  ser- 
vices in  the  "bass-wood  chapel,"  are  referred  to.  In  1829  a  new  log 
school-house  was  built,  and  we  are  informed  also  that  "  the  number  of  In- 
dians here,  old  and  young,  is  150.  Thej*  occupy  nine  bark  wigwams. 
The  fire  is  made  in  the  centre  and  the  families  sit  or  lie  around  it.  Each 
person  occupies  his  or  her  place  without  the  intrusion  of  the  other  mem- 
bers of  the  lodge."  In  after  years  it  would  appear  that  the  Indians 
around  Sliugog  Lake  gradually  merged  themselves  with  the  other  bands 
of  Mississagas  and  Otcipwe  {sae  J oims'  Journal,  pp.  81, 145,  254,  285.  etc.) 
at  Mud  Lake  and  Lake  Simcoe.  So  these  are  not  the  Indians  considered 
in  this  essay. 

At  Balsam  Lake,  in  the  township  of  Bexley,  Victoria  county,  Ontario, 
for  a  number  of  years  previous  to  1843,  there  had  been  living  a  small 
band  of  Mississagas  on  a  Government  reservation  of  some  1200  acres,  only 
200  of  which,  however,  were  under  cultivation.  At  that  lime  we  learn 
of  them  "their  village  contains  twelve  houses,  a  barn  and  a  commodious 
school-house,  In  which  divine  service  is  performed  by  a  resident  Methodist 
missionary.  But  within  the  present  year  (1843)  these  Indians,  having 
become  dissatisfied  with  the  climate  and  the  quality  of  the  land  at  the 
Balsam  Lake,  have  purchased  six  hundred  acres  on  the  banks  of  Lake 
Scugog,  to  be  paid  out  of  their  share  of  their  annuity,  and  are  making 
preparations  for  removing  from  their  former  settlement.  Their  improve- 
ments will  be  sold  for  their  benefit.  Tlieir  reason  for  removing  evinces 
their  desire  to  advance  in  the  pursuit  of  agriculture  "  (Chief  Crane,  in 
Copway,  Life,  p.  213).  In  1844,  at  the  period  of  their  removal  to  Skugog 
Island,  the  Balsam  Lake  Mississagas  numbered  96.  From  the  Census  of 
Canada  we  learn  that  in  1857-8  they  numbered  but  01,  of  whom  12  were 
of  school  age.  At  tliis  time  their  property  consisted  of  eight  log  houses  and 
a  sclioolhouse.  By  1880  the  tribe  had  decreased  in  numbers  to  42,  and 
the  following  report  is  made  by  the  Indian  agent :  "The  chief  and  one  or 
two  other  families  are  industrious  and  cultivate  land  and  raise  fair  crops. 
Several  members  are  addicted  to  drunkenness  and  live  in  idleness.  Tliere 
is  no  school-house  on  the  reserve  [the  former  one  not  having  been  re- 
placed]. The  tribe  ought  to  be  removed  to  Rice  or  Mud  Lake  "  (Rej).  of 
S>/pt.  of  Ind.  Affairs,  1880). 

In  1884  the  agent  reports  :  "The  number  of  the  tribe  is  43,  an  increase 
of  two.  Of  the  800  acres  possessed  by  the  Indians,  some  400  are  leased 
to  white  men  for  the  benefit  of  the  tribe.  Of  the  remaining  400  some  340 
arecleared,  of  which  about  250  are  inafair  state  of  cultivation."  Since  this 
time  the  tribe  has  remained  practically  stationary  as  regards  population 
and  progress. 


Tlie  information  contained  in  the  following  pages  was  procured  by  the 
writerdnring  a  prolonged  visit  to  the  island  in  August,  1888,  and  has  been 
added  to  by  subsequent  inquiries. 

The  Mississagas  of  Skfigog  live  upon  Skugog  Island,  about  a  mile  from 
the  post-office  of  Skugog.  The  island,  now  connected  by  a  causeway  with 
the  southern  shore  of  the  lake,  lies  opposite  the  town  of  Port  Perry,  in 
the  county  of  Ontario.  From  that  town  the  Indian  village  can  be 
reached  by  a  drive  of  some  eight  miles  along  a  road  which  runs  along 
the  central  elevated  ridge  of  tlie  island,  and  gives  one  a  fine  view^  of  Port 
Perry  and  tlie  surrounding  district.  The  only  landing  place,  as  one  ap- 
proaches it  bj'  water,  is  in  a  sort  of  marsh  where  the  boats  belonging  to 
the  Indians  are  stowed  away.  At  the  time  of  the  writer's  visit  some  four 
or  five  canoes  were  lying  about,  of  which  all  but  one  were  hollowed  out 
of  logs,  the  edges  being  about  half  an  inch  thick  and  the  work  done  rather 
neatly.  The  other  was  the  style  of  canoe  used  now  by  white  men  and 
probably  had  been  procured  from  the  latter.  The  paddles  were  not  in 
the  boats  but  lay  under  the  trees  in  front  of  the  owners'  houses. 

B}'  means  of  a  winding  path  of  about  an  eighth  of  a  mile  the  village, 
situated  on  the  higher  ground,  is  reached.  It  consists  of  nine  log  houses 
and  one  frame  dwelling  stretched  along  the  north  side  of  the  road  at  un- 
equal distances  from  it  and  from  one  another.  Between  the  houses,  and 
back  of  them,  are  the  farmlands  of  the  Indians,  and  around  them  a  few 
fruit-trees,  berry-bushes,  etc.  The  first  house  reached  on  coming  from 
Port  Perry  by  tlie  road  is  that  of  Mr.  Marsden  (Osawaaimi'kl),  an  intelli- 
gent Indian  who  had  formerly  been  a  school-teacher  amongst  his  people. 
His  family  were  very  bright-looking  and  attentive.  The  next  is  that  of 
John  Bolin  (O'gimtibine'ci)  and  his  wife  Susan  (Nawigickoke)  ;  the 
latter  has  the  reputation  of  being  the  most  intelligent  woman  in  the  tribe 
and  the  former  is  a  nephew  of  No'gen,  the  Mud  Lake  Indian  chief  whom 
Mrs.  Moodie  has  noticed  in  her  Roughing  It  in  the  Bush.  Farther  on  are 
the  houses  of  McCew^,  Marsden,  Jr.,  and  Elliott,  who  claims  to  be  the  old- 
est settler  on  the  island.  At  the  other  end  of  the  village  live  Isaac  John- 
son (whose  farm  is  considered  the  best),  Chief  Johnson,  and  his  brother 
Chauncey,  wlio  seems  to  be  really  the  ruling  spirit  of  the  tribe. 

The  Indian  land,  consisting  of  some  400  acres,  has  somewhat  the  shape 
of  a  V,  the  houses  occupying  the  broad  part.  Some  of  the  land  across 
the  road,  which  belongs  to  the  Indians,  is  leased  to  white  men,  as 
indeed  is  some  of  the  rest  also.  The  white  men  would  fain  possess  all  the 
Indians'  land,  as  it  is  said  to  be  excellent.  That  the  Skugog  Indians  have 
not  made  the  best  of  farmers,  a  glance  at  their  fields  and  crops  suffices  to 
show.  The  thistles,  weeds,  and  olher  evidences  of  inattention  to  proper 
methods  of  cultivation  were  but  too  visible.  Still,  the  farms  of  Isaac 
Johnson  and  John  Bolin  are  not  by  any  means  to  be  despised.  There 
did  not  seem  to  be  any  dividing  fences  between  the  lots,  or  even  between 
the  various  crops.  Back  of  the  cultivated  land  is  the  common  pasture, 
where  graze  the  live  stock  belonging  to  the  village.     John  Bolin,  on  the 


10 

occasion  of  the  writer's  first  visit  to  his  house,  was  engaged  in  forging  a 
new  point  for  a  tooth  belonging  to  his  reaping  machine,  wliich  hi}'  in  the 
verj'  goocl-h)oking  barn*  whicli  stands  upon  his  farm.  His  wife  was 
delighted  when  shown  how  to  work  jjroperly  the  sewing-machine  which 
she  had  received  from  the  Dominion  Government.  Of  all  the  houses 
visited  that  of  the  l?olins  was  perhaps  the  neatest  and  most  attractive. 

The  first  visit  paid  was  to  the  house  of  Chief  Johnson,  who  was  absent 
at  the  time.  There  were  present  his  wife  (an  aged  woman),  his  niece, 
three  girls,  aged  seventeen,  thirteen,  seven  respectively,  and  a  boj-  of 
fourteen.  From  the  chief's  wife  not  much  information  was  obtained,  as 
she  spoke  notiiing  but  Indian,  as  did  also  the  young  squaws.  From  the 
niece  of  Chief  Johnson,  however,  a  considerable  vocabulary  was  obtained, 
together  with  items  of  a  general  character.  From  Mrs.  Susan  Bolin,  who 
was  next  visited,  the  most  valuable  information,  consisting  of  lists  of 
words,  songs,  legends,  folklore,  and  notes  of  the  history,  liabits,  etc.,  of 
her  people,  was  obtained.  John  Bolin  and  3[r.  ^larsden  also  helped 
with  the  vocabulary.  Mr.  Marsden  said  that  his  people  had  lived  upon 
the  island  for  over  fifty  years,  and  Mrs.  ]5olin  made  the  following  state- 
ment :  "The  Indians  have  been  acquainted  with  Skugog  Island  for  over 
a  hundred  years.  My  grandfather,  who  died  when  he  was  about  eighty, 
told  me  of  it.  At  first  there  were  only  two  settlers,  who  were  brothers- 
in-law.  One  was  named  Gwingwic,  and  belonged  to  the  wa'bigKn  (clay) 
odo'dEm  (totem)  ;  the  other  was  !*sikri  (wild-goo.se)  of  the  atik  (elk) 
totem.  They  came  to  the  mouth  of  tlie  Lindsay  river  in  search  of  game, 
and  finding  jilenty  on  the  island,  settled  upon  it,  and  some  of  their 
descendants  still  live  there." 

In  1828  we  find  Rev.  Peter  Jones  mentioning  as  present  at  the  meeting 
in  tiie  chapel  at  Skugog:  "John  Goose,  aged  fortj-,  Sarah,  his  wife, 
aged  tliirty-five ; "  "Sally  Queenguish,  aged  five  months;"  "Peter 
Queenguish,  aged  one  year,  son  of  widow  (Queenguish."  There  is  also 
mention  of  Brother  C.  Goose,  an  Indian  exhorter,  in  the  same  year.  Mrs. 
Bolin  has  been  married  twice  ;  her  first  husband's  name  was  Goose,  and 
she  is  still  called  familiarly  "Mrs.  Goose." 

Other  than  the  descendants  of  the  two  men  above  mentioned,  the 
people  at  Skugog,  as  already  stated,  chiefly  came  from  Balsam  Lake. 
The  chief  and  his  brother  are  from  tliere.  Mrs.  Isaac  Johnson  is  of  the 
Chippeways  of  Rama.  Mrs.  Bolin's  husband,  John,  belonged  to  tlie 
tribe  at  Mud  Lake.  She  says  that  her  grandfather  told  her  tluit  a  few  of 
the  Skugog  tribe  were  the  descendants  of  some  Indians  who  came  from 
the  United  States,  possibly  from  Long  Island  (V).  Her  first  husband  and 
herself  were  probably  originally  of  the  Mud  Lake  stock.  She  spent  the 
early  years  of  her  life  amongst  the  French  traders  around  Lake  Simcoe, 
there  obtaining  the  knowledge  of  that  language  which  (beside  a  very 
good  acquaintance  with  English)   she   possesses.     She  stated  that  she 

*  An  engraving  of  this  barn  is  to  be  found  at  p.  209  of  Rev.  E.  R.  Young's  By  Canoe 
and  Dog  Train  among  the  Cree  and  Saulteaux  Indians,  Toronto,  1890. 


11 

knew  Mrs.  ^loodie  quite  well,  and  had  often  camped  on  the  Moodie  farm 
when  !i  child.  She  remembered  "  Handsome  Jack,"  her  husband's  uncle, 
and  had  heard  of  the  frog-eating  story  told  of  him  by  ^Mrs.  Moodie.  Mrs. 
Bolin  claims  to  be  over  sixty-five  years  of  age,  and  the  people  around 
have  many  stories  to  tell  of  her  activity.  She  is  said  to  have  walked  over 
100  miles  from  a  farm  in  Muskoka  to  Skugog,  driving  two  cattle  before 
her.  She  has  had  three  children,  one  of  whom  only  is  now  living.  Her 
memory  is  very  good,  and  her  knowledge  of  the  history  of  her  people 
considerable.  She  can  speak  English,  French  and  her  mother-tongue, 
and  can  read  but  not  write.  The  information  obtained  from  her  was  pro- 
cured with  great  care,  and  discrimination,  and  its  accuracy  may  be  I'elied 
upon. 

The  Indians  at  Skugog  are  all,  nomiuallj'  at  least.  Christians,  and  a 
large  proportion  of  them  habitually  attend  the  village  church,  which  is 
served  generally  from  the  Port  Perry  Methodist  Church,  the  Indians 
belonging  to  that  religious  persuasion. 

The  chief  of  the  Skugog  Mississagas,  at  the  time  of  their  settlement  in 
1844,  was  named  Crane.  The  latter  died  about  twenty-seven  years  ago, 
and  Chief  Johnson,  the  present  head  of  the  tribe,  is  his  successor,  who 
will  doubtless  leave  the  office  to  his  brother,  who  is  now  in  reality  the 
leading  spirit  of  the  settlement  (see  also  Journal  of  Amer.  Folk-Lore,  i, 
150-160). 

The  general  character  of  the  language  of  the  Mississagas  of  Skugog 
may  be  described  under  the  following  heads  : 

I.  Phonetics. 

The  vowel  sounds  of  the  Mississagas  are  : 

a  as  in  English  Jiard. 

a     "  "      father. 

a     "  "      law. 

e     "  "      ])en. 

e     "  "     /?'es7t  (but  more  strongly  uttered). 

e     "  "      there. 

i      "  "      jw/i. 

i      "  "      pique. 

o     "  "      not. 

6     "  "      note. 

u     "  "      hick. 

u  like  00  in  English  boor. 

E  between  the  u  in  run  and  the  final  vowel  of  German  haben  or  English 

flower. 
au  as  in  the  New  England  cow. 
m  as  in  English  tieio  (not  nu). 

In  his   Otchipwe  Grammar  (p.  2)  Bishop  Baraga  makes  the  following 


12 

statement:  "There  are  only  four  vowels  in  the  Otchipwe  language, 
namel}-.  a,  e,  i,  o.  This  language  has  no  u.  These  letters  have  invari- 
ably the  same  sounds  :  a  as  in  fatJier,  e  as  in  met,  i  as  in  7)2;!,  0  as  in 
note.     And  there  are  no  exceptions." 

Tliese  remarks,  it  is  quite  evident,  cannot  apply  to  the  Mississaga, 
•which  certainly  does  possess  a  u  and  other  vowel  sounds  not  recognized 
by  ]>araga,  although  they  are  by  Wilson. 

The  consonantal  sounds  are  : 

k  as  in  English  king. 
g      "  "       00. 

c  as  shin       "       shine.       ' 
j  as  j  in  French  jour. 
to  as  ch  in  English  church. 
dj  as  j  in  English  judge. 
t  as  in  English  ion. 
d      "  "       do. 

s      "  "       son. 

7.      "  "       zone. 

p  as  in  English  pin. 
b      "  "        but. 

V      "  "        vote. 

m  as  in  English  man. 
n       "  "        no. 

ng     "  "        si?ig. 

y  as  in  English  ye. 
w     "  "       win. 

On  the  whole,  the  consonantal  sounds  of  the  Mississaga  seem  to  agree 
better  with  those  of  Cuoq's  Xipissing  than  with  those  of  Baraga's  Otclpwe. 

Consonants :  p,  b,  v  ;  ni,  w ;  d,  t ;  n  ;  ng  ;  g,  k  ;  s,  tc  (as  ch  in  English 
church),  c  (as  sh  in  English  sAoip),  z  (as  in  English  zone),  j  (as  in  French 
jour),  dj  (as  j  in  English  judge),  y  (as  in  English  year). 

II.  Pronunciation. 

The  exact  reproduction  of  the  actual  pronunciation  of  many  of  the 
American  Indians  is  a  matter  of  considerable  difficulty.  Even  where  the 
vowel  and  consonantal  sounds  are  comparatively  simple,  a  variation  in 
the  utterance  of  the  same  word  by  the  same  individual  on  different  occa- 
sions has  been  frequently  noticed,  and  certain  letters  fail  to  be  clearly 
distinguished  from  certain  others.  These  facts  the  writer  had  repeatedly 
called  to  his  attention  while  at  Skugog.  The  principal  substitutions  were 
as  follows  : 


13 

Vowels. 

E  =  a,  o,  e,  i,  u. 

e  ^  e,  e. 

a  =  a,  e. 

i  =  e,  i. 

a  =  o. 

u  =o. 

Reference  to  the  vocabular}'  will  show  that  these  substitutions  occur 
very  frequently,  and  the  fact  of  their  existence  has  been  noted  by  Baraga, 
Cuoq  and  Wilson  as  regards  Otcipwe  and  Nipissing. 

Consonants. 

d  =  t. 

g  =  k. 

n  ^  nn. 

s  =  s-s,  z. 

c  =  tc  =  j  =  dj  =  s. 

y  =  i-- 
w  =  ii-. 

n-gz=ng-g. 

The  consonantal  substitutions  are  more  far-reaching  than  the  vocalic, 
and  there  seems  to  be  a  tendency  to  sound  a  letter  as  b,  t,  k,  when  final, 
and  as  ]),  cl,  g  when  between  vowels,  or  vice  versa.  This  fact  can  be  seen 
from  a  glance  at  the  vocabulary,  and  has  been  already  noted  by  Baraga, 
and  seems  more  thoroughgoing  in  his  dialect  of  the  Otcipwc  than  it  is  in 
Mississaga. 

A  few  examples  may  be  given  to  illustrate  these  vowel  and  consonant 
substitutions  : 

Alder  =  Eto'p  ;  Eto'b.  God  =::kitci  mE'nidu. 

And  =  tEc  ;  dEC.  God  =  gicemmanitu. 

Animal  =  awe'ssi ;  awe'si.  Great  =  kitce  ;  gitci ;  ki'tce  ;  gitce. 

Berry  =  min  ;  min.  I  =  nin  ;  nin  ;  uen. 

Child  =  a'blno'dji  ;  fi'pino'tci.  Stick  =  miiig  ;  mitik. 

God  =  kitci  mauitu  (or  manilu).  Wildcat  =  pijii ;  piciu. 

III.  Accent  and  Syllabification. 

The  state  of  our  knowledge  of  Algonkian  languages,  with  respect  to 
these  two  particulars,  is  very  imperfect.  From  the  writer's  own  observa- 
tion, he  is  inclined  to  regard  both  of  these  as  subject  to  not  a  little  varia- 
tion, seemingly  at  the  caprice  of  the  speaker.  That  the  accent  should  be 
upon  the  root  in  the  case  of  dissjilables  seems  reasonably  to  be  expected, 
but  this  is  by  no  means  always  the  case.    Nor  does  there  appear  to  be  any 


14 

absolute  rule  for  the  accentuation  of  polysj'llables.  The  real  character  of 
the  division  of  the  words  into  syllables  is  indicated  as  far  as  possible  by 
the  phonetic  alphabet  which  the  writer  has  used,  but  il  by  no  means  fol- 
lows that  he  has  recorded  the  words  in  the  exact  way  in  which  all  (or, 
perliaps,  even  most)  of  the  Indians  would  pronounce  them.  In  per- 
haps the  majority  of  dissyllables  tlie  stress  is  so  evenly  distributed 
that  there  is  practically  no  accent,  and,  in  like  manner,  a  long  word  may 
be  so  uttered  that  only  one  clearly  marked  accent  can  be  detected. 

IV.    GKA>rMAH   AND   SYNTAX. 

With  respect  to  these,  the  Mississaga  corresponds  very  closely  to  the 
Otcipwe  and  Nipissino;,  and  its  fundamental  principles,  being  those  com- 
mon to  these  and  other  Algonkian  dialects,  need  no  special  discussion 
here,  as  the  vocabulary  is  self-explanatory. 

V.  Vocabulary. 

The  words  in  the  vocabulary  obtained  at  Skugog  correspond  in  general 
to  those  of  the  Nipissing  and  Otcipwe,  but  there  are  not  a  few  which  dif- 
fer from  these  and  may  be  held  to  be,  in  part,  marks  of  a  separate  dialect. 

As  examples  of  words  which  do  not  admit  of  a  ready  explanation  upon 
comparison  with  Otcipwe  or  Nipissing,  the  following  may  be  cited  : 

Paniskagwe,  always.  Kwatad,  log. 

AtlcigEn,  crayon.  Aibi'gEnfib,  mother. 

WEsangii,  elm  bark.  GEbie'nwes,  mother. 

NasakwEnlgEn,  gate.  Sasi'nibicing,  swallow. 
Sa'kiteg,  wick. 

In  quite  a  number  ot  instances  the  Skugog  Mississaga,  in  the  case  of 
derivative  nouns,  seems  to  prefer  a  longer  form,  or  often  a  shorter,  than 
the  Nipissing  or  Otcipwe.     Thus  : 

English.  Skvfioo  Mii'si-'^naga.  I^'ipissivg.  Otcipwi. 

Chimney,  po'towadjTkEn,  potowagan,  bodowan. 

Earring,  nabicabicEn,  nabiceon,  nabishebison. 

Roof,  opukwEn,  apakwan,  apakodjigan. 

Sometimes  a  Skugog  word  will  receive  a  better  explanation  when  the 
corresponding  word  in  the  Toronto  MS.  is  adduced.  For  example,  the 
Nipissing  niewija  (Otcipwe  niewija,  mewinja)  does  not  resemble  the 
Skugog  word  for  "ago,"  ine'nwice,  so  much  as  does  the  menouizac 
("formerly  ")  of  the  Toronto  MS.  And  in  several  instances  in  which 
the  Skugog  vocabulary  disagrees  with  Nipissing  and  Otcipwe  the  dis- 
agreement is  confirmed  by  the  Toronto  MS.  For  other  points  reference 
must  be  had  to  the  discussions  of  the  various  words  in  the  vocabulary 
itself. 


15 

There  are  many  questions  bound  up  with  what  may  be  termed  the 
psychology  of  hvnguage,  which  the  writer  has  had  occasion  to  examine  in 
connection  willi  his  investigations  amongst  the  3Iississagas.  Tlie  prin- 
cipal are  the  following  : 

A.  Ono?natop<Bia.— The  part  which  onomatopceia  plays  in  the  origin 
and  development  of  language  has  been  much  discussed.  The  words  to 
which  an  onomatopoeic  origin  can  be  assigned,  in  the  language  of  the 
Mississagas  of  Skugog,  are  not  so  numerous  as  one  might  at  first  be  led  to 
suppose.  But  the  vocabulary  does  not  contain  a  very  large  percentage 
of  those  words  for  which  such  an  origin  might  be  suspected.  The  princi- 
pal onomatopoeic  words  are  : 

Dinde'sl,  jay.  Kakaki',  raven. 

Ciclp,  duck.  Kokoko,  screech-owl. 

Cicigwe,  rattlesnake. 

In  connection  with  onomatopoeias  the  remarks  of  Sir  Daniel  Wilson 
(Pi-eh.  Man,  ii,  p.  365)  are  worthy  of  careful  attention,  in  that  they  serve 
to  illustrate  how  the  very  same  sound  may  be  interpreted  differently  by 
difterent  minds. 

B.  Unaniiosemia.— The  theory  advanced  by  Dr.  Carl  Abel  regarding  the 
"Gegensinn  der  Urworte,"  or  the  denoting  by  primitive  man  of  the  "A  " 
and  the  "not-A,"  by  the  same  word,  has  gained  considerable  currency, 
and  should  receive,  especially  in  America,  a  searching  investigation.  The 
vocabulary  of  the  Mississaga  does  not  show,  as  far  as  the  writer  is  able  to 
perceive,  traces  of  this  primitive  combinatory  process,  nor  does  his  ex- 
amination of  the  various  Algonkian  languages  lead  him  to  believe  that  it 
prevails  to  any  appreciable  extent  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term. 

C. — The  same  may  be  said  of  the  theory  put  forward  by  the  distin- 
guished psychologist.  Prof.  Wundt,  who  seems  inclined  to  maintain  that 
the  words  referring  to  things  or  actions  in  the  immediate  environment  of 
the  speaker,  required  less  muscular  action,  and  were  consequently  shorter 
than  those  which  related  to  more  distant  objects  or  actions. 

J).  Onomatology,  Sematology,  etc.— The  investigation  of  the  real  mean- 
ing and  primitive  signification  of  names  (both  proper  and  common)  in  the 
Algonkian  languages  is  a  subject  to  which  the  writer  has  devoted  some 
little  attention,  and  as  the  words  are  fully  discussed  with  regard  to  these 
in  the  vocabulary  it  is  necessary  only  to  make  a  few  general  remarks 
here.  The  peculiar  nature  of  the  American  names  of  animals,  etc.,  is  too 
well  known  to  need  illustration  at  any  great  length.  A  few  examples  of 
the  various  classes  may  be  given  : 

1.  Proper  name  of  man  :  O'gimabine'c,  "chief  bird." 

Proper  name  of  woman:  Nawigickoke,  "sun  in  centre  of  sky." 


16 


2.  Names  of  natural  phenomena  : 
llainbow,  otEgwa'nibi'isEn, 

Milk}-  way,  m'l'mepakwe'bikEmitowEt, 


Eclipse, 
!>[oon. 


nibo'  ki'zis, 
dg'bi  ki'zis. 


3.  Names  applied  to  other  peoples  : 

Iroquois,  na'towe, 

American,  kitci  mo'komEn, 

4.  Names  of  places  : 

Lake  Simcoe,         EciinTong, 

Lake  Superior,       otclpwij  kitcigri'miug. 


5.  Names  of  seasons,  days,  etc.  : 

Spring, 
Sunday, 


mino'lvEmi, 


animi'E  gi'cIkEt, 
6.  Names  of  parts  of  the  body  : 


Toes, 


ni'binokwEnisEtEn, 


"he  covers  the  rain." 

"the  sturgeon  stirs  up  the 
lake  of  heaven  with 
his  nose  and  makes 
tlie  water  'rily.' " 

"dead  sun." 

"nisi'ht  sun." 


"snake." 
"  biff  knife.' 


"place  of  calling." 
"big  water  of  the  Otcip- 
\ve." 


"  good  water." 
"  worship  day." 


"  they  run  in  rotation  "(?). 


7.  Names  of  indigenous  animals,  birds,  insects,  fish,  etc.  : 


Rabbit, 

Insect, 

]\Iinnow, 

Moose, 

Pike, 

Raccoon, 

Swan, 


wapus, 

manitoc, 

gigo'sens, 

mons, 

kino'nce, 

assibEn, 

■wabi'si, 


8.  Names  of  indigenous  trees,  plants,  etc. 
Ash  (black),  wisa'gEk, 

Bulrush,  EnokEUKck, 

Corn,  mEndamin, 


"the  little  white  one." 

"  petty  deity." 

"little  fish." 

"the  eater"  (?). 

"tlie  pointed  or  long  "(?)• 

"  the  oyster  eater." 

"the  white  bird." 


"it  is  bitter." 
"  mat  plant." 
"grain      of     mysterious 


Cranberry,  niEskegarain, 

Currants(wild),  amT'kOminuk, 

3Iaplo,  fminu'lik. 

Strawberry,  ote'min, 

9.  Names  of  implements,  etc.  : 

Axe,  wakakwEt, 

Chisel,  6ckEu, 


"marsh  fruit." 
"beaver  berries. 
"the  tree." 
"heart  fruit." 


"crooked  stick." 
"horn." 


17 

Hammer,  pEkl'tlgEii,  "the  striker." 

Shot,  ci'cibunwins,  "little  duck  ball." 

10.  Words  relating  to  abstractions  and  conditions  of  mind,  feeling,  etc. : 
Deaf,  kri'kibi'cl,  "the  ears  are  stopped." 
Glad,  I  iun,             ninbiipinandEm,  "I  laugh  in  my  thoughts." 
Heaven,                  i'cpeming,                                    "on  high." 

11.  Names  of  animals,  etc.,  introduced  by  the  European  settlers  : 
Horse,  papa'djIkogECi,  "it  has  one  hoof." 
Cat,                         kadJEkEns,                                   "little  glutton." 

12.  Names  of  non-indigenous  fruits,  plants  : 

Carrot,  osfi'wEtci's,  "yellow  turnip." 

Oats,  papa'djikoko'cimi'djin,  "horse  food." 

Wheat,  pakwe'cikEnEck,  "bread  herb." 

13.  Names  of  articles  of  dress,  food,  etc.,  introduced  by  the  whites  : 
Bead,  manitu'minis,  "  seed  of  mysterious  ori- 
gin." 

Blanket,  wapo'ia'vEn,  "white  skin." 

Cloth,  manllowa'gin,  "mysterious  skin." 

Bread,  pEkwe'cIgEu,  "  that  from  which  pieces 

are  cut  off." 
Shirt,  pEpEkEwe'lEu,  "thin  skin." 

Many  analogies  of  thought  between  the  Mississaga  and  languages  of  the 
Old  World  might  be  pointed  out,  as  in  the  case  of  the  words  for  "goose- 
berry" and  "cranberry,"  to  say  nothing  of  others  less  apparent.  The 
Indian  in  nicknaming  his  wife  OmintEmu'Enic,  "his  bad  old  woman," 
trenches  upon  a  ground  familiar  to  students  of  European  linguistics.  The 
examples  of  name-giving,  contained  in  the  vocabulary  of  the  Skugog 
Mississagas,  fully  justify  the  encomiums  passed  upon  that  characteristic 
of  many  American  languages  by  distinguished  students  of  philology  at 
home  and  abroad. 

E.  Word-Forming  and  Composition. — The  facility  with  which  words  are 
formed  and  combined  in  tiie  Algonkian  languages  is  easily  seen  from  a 
glance  at  a  text  or  a  vocabulary.  The  method  of  procedure  varies  from 
the  simple  juxtaposition  of  words,  as  in  German,  English,  or  Chinese,  to 
complicated  agglutination  and  word  decapitation.  The  use  of  certain 
suffixes,  such  as  -ksn,  -gEn  (instrumental)  and  -win  (abstract  quality), 
is  very  extensive.  A  peculiarity  of  the  3Iississaga,  and  of  other  than 
Algonkian  languages  of  America,  is  the  possession  of  large  numbers  of 
radical  suffixes  and  affixes,  i  e.,  roots  which  have  no  independent  exist- 
ence as  words,  but  take  the  place  of  the  real  words  in  composition.  In 
some  few  cases  the  real  words  and  the  radical  affixes  are  the  same  or  are 
closely  related  ;  these  radical  sulfixes  are  often  subject  to  loss  of  a  portion 


18 


of  their  letters.  Another  peculiarity  of  the  lan2:uage  is  the  fact  that  cer- 
tain words,  tlie  names  of  tlie  parts  of  llie  body,  for  example,  must  always 
be  accompanied  by  the  pronominal  prefix.  The  importance  of  this  last 
characteristic  is  dwelt  upon  by  Prof.  Max  Mi'iUer  {Natural  Religion,  1888, 
pp.  314,  '^\.~)),  who  cites  an  interesting  fact  regarding  the  Moliawlv  lan- 
guage to  illustrate  his  point. 

In  some  of  the  Algonkian  languages,  more  so  in  Nipissing  than  in 
Mississaga,  there  seems  to  be  at  the  present  day  a  marked  tendency 
towards  the  use  of  diminutives,  especially  in  animal  names,  the  older  and 
shorter  word  being  dropped.  The  following  examples  will  serve  to  illus- 
trate the  foregoing  remarks  : 

A    Composition  and  Word  Formation. — 

1.  Simple  juxtaposition  :  Ote'miu  (his  heart  fruit)  =  strawberry. 

Amo  pi'mite  (bee  grease)  =  bee's-wax. 
Usa'wE  pine'ci  (it  is  yellow  bird)  =  canary 
Ma'nitu'  minis  (mysterious  seed)  =bead. 
Kilci  manitfi  (great  spirit)  =  God. 

2.  With  Bindevocal  :        MEsk^gamin  (marsh  fruit)  =  cranberry. 

Amilcomin  (beaver  berry)  =z  wild  currant. 

3.  With  Elision  of  part  of  components  : 

Ani'nicip  {the  duck)  ^  black  duck. 
Osaco'niE  (yellow  money)  =  gold. 
Mi'likwa'kEsin  (wood  shoe)  =shoe. 

B.  Composition  tcith  Radical  Suffixes. — Some  of  the  principal  of  these 
radical  suffixes  and  affixes,  whose  use  is  illustrated  in  the  Mississaga 
vocabulary,  are  : 


-mic, 

tree  shrub  ; 

wlko'pimic, 

bass-wood  tree 

Ifi'yEn, 

skin,  fur  ; 

wripo'iayED, 

blanket. 

-SEk, 

manufactured  w( 

)od  ; 

napakisEk, 

board. 

-ECk, 

plant,  herb  ; 

EnokEuEcIv, 

bulrush. 

-cl,  si. 

bird,  flying  creature  ; 

wawatasi', 

firefly. 

-fi'tik,  wa'tik. 

plant,  stem  ; 

mKskegwu'tik, 

tamarack. 

-wak, 

hundred  ; 

ningo'twak. 

one  hundred. 

-(vv)abo, 

liciuid  ; 

icku'tewa'bo. 

whisky. 

-kEmi, 

water  (body  of)  ; 

miuo'kEmI, 

springtime. 

Other  examples  might  be  cited,  but,  for  instances  of  the  more  compli- 
cated word-building,  reference  may  be  made  to  the  words  ear-ring,  horse, 
king-fisher,  lamp,  looking-glass,  milky  way,  rainbow,  toes.  Some  of  these 
radical  suffixes  have  a  very  distant  resemblance  to  the  radical  words  in 
use  to  denote  the  same  idea,  and  a  certain  number  of  radical  words  agree 
exactly  with  the  suffixes,  but  the  greater  number  have  no  independent 
existence.  There  is  no  possible  connection,  for  example,  between  the 
radical  nipi,  "  water,"  and  tlie  radical  suffixes -kEuii  and  (w)a'bo.     But 


19 

our  knowledge  of  the  whole  field  of  Algonkian  linguistics  is  not  such  as 
to  enable  us  to  speak  with  certainty  regarding  the  ultimate  origin  of  these 
radical  suffixes. 

C.  The  very  wide  use  and  extended  signification  of  the  suffix  -gEn, 
-kED  is  seen  from  the  following  examples  : 

Bell,  gilolii'kEn.  Hammer,  pEki'tigEU. 

Book,  masiaa'IgK.n.  Marsh,  toto'gEn. 

Bread,  pEkwg'cIgEn.  Plate,  ona'gEn. 

Craj'on,  aticIgEn,  Pipe,  opwfi'gEn. 

Gun,  packi'sikEu.  Torch,  wawa'gEn. 

D.  The  following  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  formation  of  diminutives 
and  deterioratives  : 


Calf, 

pi'djikins  ; 

Clam, 

es(s)ens  ; 

Creek, 

si'bic  ; 

Dog, 

animu'c  ; 

Girl, 

ekwa'sens  ; 

Gull  (young), 

gfiyockons 

Insect, 

manitoc  ; 

Minnow, 

gigo'sens  ; 

pi'djiki. 

cow. 

es. 

oyster. 

sT'pi, 

river. 

[anim, 

dog],  radical  obsolete. 

ekwa, 

woman. 

gayock, 

gull. 

manito, 

spirit. 

[gigo, 

fish],  radical  obsolescent 

"While,  as  a  rule,  the  order  of  the  components  of  a  word  appears  to  be 
the  same  in  Mississaga,  Otcipwe,  Nipissing,  etc.,  still  there  are  some  cases 
of  difference.     For  example  : 

Englisli,  Mississaga.  Otripwr.  Oree. 

End  of  the  earth,     aki  kickog,  gi-ickwa-akiwan. 

Egg-shell,  okE'nawE  (its  wawi-oskan 

bone  egg),  (egg  its  bone). 

As  a  curious  instance  of  the  way  in  which  the  Indians  coin  words,  and 
of  the  strange  combinations  which  might  occur  in  the  vocabularies  of 
those  who  are  not  at  all  acquainted  with  the  language  which  they  record, 
the  writer  wishes  to  mention  the  following  experience  of  his  own. 
While  at  Skugog  he  happened  to  ask  an  Indian  what  the  Mississaga  word 
for  "honeycomb  "  was,  and  he  received  the  astonishing  answer:  amo 
pTn(3kwEn,  i.e.,  "bee  comb,"  and  a  further  question  elicited  the  equally 
remai-kable  amo  sisibakwEt  pinokwEn,  "bee  sugar  comb."  This  is 
worth  record  as  a  jeu  cVesprit  sauvage.  No  doubt  this  enterprising 
Indian  could  have  accomplished  much  more  in  the  same  line. 

The  influence  of  French  and  English  upon  the  Algonkian  languages 
may  be  estimated  from  the  following  loan-words  in  the  IMississaga  : 

omu'ate,  bottle,  =  French,     boideillc  ("?). 

bEtn,  button,  =  English,  button. 

cagEnoc,  Englishman,  =:=  French,    anglais  (?). 

na'paue,  flour,  =        "         lafarine. 


20 


mucwf, 

sc'nipEn, 

kukfi'c, 


handkerchief, 
ribbon, 


French,    mouchoir  (in  Can.  Fr.  mucvver). 
"  da  ruhan  (?). 

cochon  (?). 


The  cliange  of  accent  in  certain  other  words  may  perhaps  be  ascribed 
to  European  influence. 

Tiie  only  other  loin -word  occurring  In  the  vocabulary  is  owiclu'iya, 
"blacksniitii,"  which  is  of  Iroquois  origin. 

While  the}'  are  not  in  all  cases  to  be  regarded  as  the  source  of  ihe  words 
introduced  into  the  English  language  in  America,  reference  may  be  had 
to  the  Mississaga  and  cognate  dialects  for  the  explanation  of  the  elj'uiol- 
ogies  of  the  following  : 

see  manilu,  spirit. 

"  maskino'uce,  maskinonge. 

"  omEkEsin,  his  shoe. 

"  m5ns,  moose. 

"  mi';kEk,  box. 

"  niEskeg,  swamp. 

ekwTi,  woman. 

"  odo'dEm,  his  totem. 

"  wi'kTvviim,  house. 

"  r)lcii>\  fisher. 


]\Ianito,  nianitou, 

Maskinonge, 

Moccasin, 

Moose, 

Mowkowk, 

Muskeg, 

Squaw, 

Totem, 

Wigwam, 

Woodchuck, 


The  words  taken  into  the  French  Liaguage  of  Canada,  the  origin  of 
which  is  illustrated  by  the  Mississaga,  are  : 


Achigane  (bass), 
Manilou  (spirit), 
Maskeg  (marsh), 
Maskinonge, 
Micouane, 
Micouenne, 
Ouragan  (plate,  dish), 
Pacane  (hickorj^-nut), 
Sagamite  (porridge). 


(spoon), 


see  acigEn  (bass). 

"  manito  (spirit). 

"  mRskeg  (swamp). 

"  iiiaskiuo'nce. 

"  EmikwEn  (spoon). 

"  ona'gEn  (plate). 

"  pakanins  (ha/el-nut). 

"  kitciga'mite  (it  is  hot). 


While  at   Skugog,  the  writer  made  several  efforts  to  leai-n  whether  a 
"child  language"  existed,  which  was  diff'crent  from  the  ordinary  speech. 
He  was  successful  in  obtaining  but  two  words  of  this  class,  viz.: 
tete,  father.  dodo,  mother. 

Mr.  Salt  furnished  him  with  two  others  : 

num-na,  sweet.  tup-pe-ta,  greasy. 

There  do  exist,  no  doubt,  many  more  such  words,  and  the  writer  hopes 
again  to  investigate  this  interesting  department  of  linguistics  (see  Amer. 
Anthrop.,  iii,  p.  238). 

As  further  indicating  the  relation  in  whicli,  phonetically  and  graninuui- 
cally,  the  Mississaga  of  Skugog  stands  to  the  Nipissing  of  Cuoq  and  the 
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24 


The  above  are  the  principal  lujiuts  wliicli  llic  writer  has  considered  in 
his  study  of  the  Mississaga.  Tlie  vocabuUiry  has,  as  far  as  possible,  been 
made  etymological,  and  the  meanings  of  all  proper  names  have  been 
examined.  For  comparison  with  cognate  dialects  the  following  works 
have  been  consulted  : 

CuOQ,  J.  A.  Lexique  de  la  Lnngue  Algonquine.  Montreal,  1886.  Where 
"Cuoq"  is  referred  to,  this  book  is  meant,  and  where  the  "Nipis- 
sing  "  dialect  is  cited,  the  language  of  this  dictionary  is  intended. 

Baraga,  R.  R.  Btshop.  A  IVieoretical  and  Practical  Grammar  of  the 
Otchipwe  Language,  etc.     A  second  edition,  etc.     Montreal,  1878. 

,    — .     A  DicUoncry  of  the   Otchipwe   Language.    Part   I  : 

English -Otchipwe.  Montreal,  1878.  Part  II:  Otchipwe  -  English. 
Montreal,  1880.  Where  "Baraga"  is  quoted,  or  the  "Otcipwe" 
language  referred  to,  these  works  are  meant  (unless  others  are  specif- 
ically mentioned). 

Lacombe,  Le  Rkv.  Pkre  At-h.  Dlctionnaire  de  la  Langxie  des  Oris. 
Montreal,  1874.  Where  "Lacombe"  is  quoted,  or  the  "Cree"  lan- 
guage referred  to,  this  bi>ok  is  meant. 

WiL.st)N,  Rev.  PI  F.  The  Ojebway  Language.  A  Manual  for  ]\Iission- 
aries,  etc.  Toronto,  1874.  Where  "Wilson"  is  cited,  this  book  is 
meant. 

Brintox,  D.  G.,  and  Anthony,  A.  S.  A  Lena pe- English  Dictionary. 
Philadelphia,  188S.  Where  the  "  Lenape  "  language  is  cited,  this 
work  is  the  authority. 

Tims,  Rev.  J.  ^V.  Gramm'tr  and  Dictionary  of  the  Blackfoot  Language 
in  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  London  [1839].  This  is  the  authority 
for  "Blackfoot"  words. 

Vocabulary  op  the  LanctUAGe    of    the    Mississagas  of   Skugog, 

OBTAINED    IN   AuGUST,    1888,    AT    SkuGOG   IsLAND. 


Afternoon,    gr'ickwEnokwE   (from 
the  prefix  gl-,  "past;"  the  radi- 
cal ic/cicE,  "after,"  and  nawd'kwE, 
"noon  "). 

Again,  mi'nawa ;  mi'nawE  (this 
word  Is  probably  composed  of  the 
l)article  7ni.  and  7iaicE  =  Nipissiug 
nawalc,  "plus  "). 

Ago  {a  long  while),  me'-nwice  (ety- 
mology?). 

Alder,  Eto'p  ;  Eto'b  (the  cognate 
Cree  atuspiy  seems  derived  from 


atus,  "arrow  ;  "  the  Indians  used 
the  wood  for  that  purpose). 

All,  IcEkinnE;  kEkhiE  (from  radical 
kv.ki,  and  suflix  -r/E). 

Alicays,  paiii-ka'gwe  (the  first  com- 
ponent =Nipissing  and  Otcipwe 
apine,  "always  "). 

American  (an),  kitci  mo'koniEn 
("big  knife"). 

And,  tEC  ;  dEC. 

And  then,  miiKc  ;  mklEC  (from  the 
particle  ??w,  the  exact  signification 
of  which  is  not  clear,  and  tuc). 

Angry  (are  you  angry?),  gl'nicka'- 


25 


disne  (from  g'l-,  "you,"  and 
nickd'dis,  "to  be  angry,"  from 
the  radical  nick-,  "angry  ;  "  ne  is 
interro!2;ative  particle). 

Animal,  awe'ssi ;  awe'sT  (etymol- 
ogy? In  Nipissing  awesins 
means  only  "wild  animal  "). 

Apple,  wu'bimin  ("white  fruit;" 
from  the  radicals  wi'ib,  "white," 
and  7nin,  "  fruit  "). 

Apple  tree,  wfi'biminiguc  (from  wd'- 
biinin,  "apple,"  and  the  suffix 
radical  -guc,  "tree,  shrub  "). 

Arm,  onik  ("his  arm  ;  "  o-,  posses- 
sive particle  of  third  person,  and 
the  radical  ni^,  "arm."  A  word 
for  "arm"  without  one  of  the 
personal  prefixes  attached  does 
not  exist.  Tliis  remark  applies  to 
various  other  parts  of  the  body). 

Arrow  (wooden),  pikwak  (Cuoq  de- 
rives the  corresponding  Nipissing 
word  from  the  radical  piko, 
"bossu,  en  saillie."  Tliis  is  prob- 
ably correct,  as  the  name  is  prop- 
erly applied  to  a  w^ooden  arrow 
with  a  blunt  head). 

Ash  (tree),  (for  "ash,"  irrespective 
of  species,  no  word  is  in  use). 

Ash    (black),    wisa'gEk    (probably 

"the  bitter  tree."  Compare  Otcipwe 
wissaga,  "it  is  bitter."  One 
Indian  pronounced  this  word 
iDisd'dj^k). 

Aunt,  ninfi'ce  ("mj'  aunt;"  n'l-, 
possessive  prefix  of  the  first  per- 
son, and  nu'ce,  radical  signifying 
"  mother's  sister"). 

Autumn,  tagwa'gi  (etymology?). 

Autumn  (last),  takwfi'gong  (suffix 
-on (7,  "last"). 

Away  !  awEs  ("go  away  !  "  properly 
an  adverb  signifying  "  away,  at 
a  distance;"  it  is  used  both  of 
persons  and  things). 

Axe,  wakakwEt  ("crooked  stick;" 


from  the  radical  icak,  "crooked," 
and  the  radical  suffix  -dkwKt, 
"made  of  wood,  stick;"  -akwEt 
is  probably  from  radical  nk,  "of 
wood,  wood,"  with  suffix). 


B. 


Back,  opikwEu  ("his  back;"  o-, 
"his,"  and  radical  pikwEn. 
"back"). 

Bad,  raat<'i  ;  ma'nate  (properly 
"ugly,  deformed,"  from  the  radi- 
cal md'n,  with  verbal  suffix). 

Bad,  kfiwin  nicicin  ("not  good"). 

Bag,  niKskimut  (etymology?). 

Ball  (bullet)  atiwi  (in  Nipissing  this 
word  has  the  more  primitive 
mean  i  n  g,  "  ar  ro w  "  ) . 

Balsam  (Abies  balsamea) ,a,n\a6n(\E.yi 
(Cuoq  derives  the  corresponding 
Nipissing  word  ininandak  from 
the  radical  inin,  "  vrai,  naturel," 
and  the  radical  suffix  -andak,  ap- 
plied to  the  "foliage  and  branches" 
of  evergreen  trees.  This  etymol- 
ogy is  a  good  one). 

Bark,  wauagEk  (in  jNIississaga  this 
word  is  applied  to  all  barks  ex- 
cept birch  bark,  as  is  also  Cree 
wai/akesk,  the  corresponding  word. 
In  Baraga's  Otcipwe  wanagek 
means  "  cedar  bai'k  "). 

Barley  (no  name  in  use). 

Barrel,  mukukuu'sEk  (from  mukuk, 
"box,"  and  the  suffix  -SKk.  signi- 
fying "boxful"). 

Bass  (black),  acigEn  (Lacombe,  p. 
707,  attempts  a  rapprochement  of 
Otcipwe  achigan,  "bass,"  and 
ajigan,  "  sock,  foot- rag  ;  "  prob- 
ably from  the  shape  of  the  fish). 

Basswoi'd  tree  (Tilia  Americana), 
wiko'pimic  (from  wlkop,  "bass- 
wood,"  and  -jnic,  suffix,  "tree;" 
the     radical     of    mkop    is    kdp, 


26 


"bast;"  wi-  is  probablj' a  prefix 
of  the  third  person). 

But,  ubukwEnu'dji  (the  Nipissintf 
jmkwanatcenjic  is  said  by  Cuoq  to 
be  a  contraction  of  pakwana  pine- 
cenjic,  "I'oiseau  inoertain  qui  va 
au  hasard,"  the  radical  of  the  first 
partbeinii'  pakwana,  "at  hazard, 
aimlessly."  The  corresponding 
Otcipwe  word  is  papakicanadji, 
Cree  apakkwatis.  Cuoq's  etymol- 
ogy is  doubtful). 

Bead,  manitu'niiuis  ("seed  of  mys- 
terious origin;"  from  maaitu, 
"something  mysterious,"  and 
minis,  "seed,  or  grain."  Mrs. 
Bolin  said  that  when  the  Indians 
first  saw  beads  they  held  them  to 
be  of  supernatural  origin.  See 
Corn). 

Bean,  micUodissimin  (possibly  from 
')iiickd  =  )insko,  "it  is  red  ;"  odii, 
"  his  navel  ;  "  min,  "  seed  ;  "  i  is 
Bindevocal). 

Bear,  mi'ikwa  (etymology?). 

Bear,  Great  (^constellation),  otcig 
(named  after  the  "fisher  "  or 
pecan,  otri;/). 

Beard,  misu'kwodo'n  ("  he  has  hairs 
at  his  mouth  ;  "  from  the  radicals 
misak  [pi.  of  rnisi],  "hairs,"  and 
odo'n,  "  his  mouth  "). 

Beat  {to  strike),  kapakilE  {pdkitK, 
"he  strikes;"  from  an  onomato- 
poeic radical  pa^,  "to strike  ;"  ka 
is  a  prefix.  See  Cuoq,  p.  135, 
note). 

Beautiful,  o'kwEno'djiwE  ;  kwEno'- 
djlwEn  ("it  is  beautiful  ;"  from 
the  radical  ktcYJiodj,  expressing 
the  idea  of  "  beautiful,  beauty  ;  " 
b-  is  prefix,  -^^0E  suffix). 

Beaver,  amik  (etymology?). 

Bee,  amo  (etymology  ?). 

Beehive,  amo  i'kamik  ;  fimo  wi'ka- 
mik  ("bee  house;"  amb,  "bee," 
&ndiuVkamik,  "house"). 


Beech  tree,  acawe'mic  (from  dcawe', 
and  the  radical  suffix  -mic,  "tree;" 
in  Otcipwe  the  beechnut  is  called 
ajnwhnin.  The  tree  name  prob- 
ably comes  from  n'caioe',  "it  is 
angular,"  referring  to  its  nuts  or 
fruit). 

Beet,  miskotcl's  ("  red  turnip  ;  " 
Jiiiskb,  "it  is  red,'"'  and  tt'ls, 
"turnip"). 

Bell,  gitoiaken  (-kEn  is  instru- 
mental suftix  ;  the  radical  is  seen 
in  Crec  kitow,  "it  makes  a  sound." 
Cuoq  says  Nipissing  kitotagan^= 
"any  instrument  that  makes  a 
noise  "). 

Birr h  bark,  wigwES  (etymology?). 

Birch-hark  canoe,  wigwES  (it  is 
worthy  of  note  that  wigw^s  of 
itself  signifies  "canoe,"  "tree," 
"bark"). 

Birch-bark  dish,  nockatcigEn  (this 
name  is  applied  to  a  birch  bark 
dish  used  in  winnowing  rice. 
In  Cuoq's  Nipissing  uockadjigKn 
means  a  "sieve."  The  word 
comes  from  nocka,  the  radical  of 
the  verb  nin  nockatcigK,  "I  win- 
now." Gku  is  instrumental 
suffix,  here  ^  "  dish  "). 

Birchiree,  wigwEs  (etymology?). 

Bitrh  tree,  wi'nisik  (in  Baraga's 
Otcipwe  and  Cuoq's  Xipissing 
winisik  means  a  "wild  cherry 
tree,"  "merisier."  That  the 
Mississaga  signification  is  not  en- 
tirely arbitrary  is  shown  by  the 
fact  that  Cuoq  gives  as  a  deriva- 
tive of  wikwas,  "bouleau,"  the 
word  tcikwasimij,  "cerisier"). 

Bird,  pine'cl  (diminutive  from  root 
pine). 

Black,  makatewE  ("it  is  black;" 
from  the  radical  mdkate,  "  black;" 
■WK  verbal  suflix). 

Blacksmith,  owicto'-iya  (this  loan- 
word,   which    occurs    in   several 


27 


Algonkian  dialects,  is  borrowed 
from  tlie  Iroquois.  Cuoq  refers 
the  Nipissing  awictoia  to  the 
Iroquois  awictonni,  "ouvrier  en 
fer"). 

Blanket,  wapo'I-fi'yEn  ("white 
skin  ; "'  from  the  radical  icap  or 
wab,  "white,"  and  the  radical 
suffix -ir/^E/i,  "skin." 

Block  {ofiDOod),  kusakiic  (probably 
from  root  cognate  with  Nipissing 
radical,  kick,  to  "cut"). 

Blood,  miskwl  (this  is  very  closely 
related  to  the  radical  miskioE.,  or 
misko,  "red  "). 

Blue,  ocuwaskwE  ("it  is  blue;"  a 
derivative  from  the  root  ocdwE, 
"green  "). 

Bluebird,  ocawaskopine'ci  ("blue- 
bird;" aci'ncdsko,  "blue,"  and 
pine'c'i,  "bird"). 

Blueberry,  miii  ;  min  (this  word, 
besides  the  special  signification  of 
"blueberry,"  has  also  the  gen- 
eral meaning  of  "fruit,  berry, 
grain,"  etc.) 

Board,  napakisEk  (from  the  root 
napak,  "tint,  flattened;"  -SEk  is 
a  suffix  signifj'ing  "wood  in  a 
manufactured  state  "). 

Boat  (canoe),  tcima'n  (etymology  ?). 

Body,  ni-i-a  ("my  body;"  ni-  is 
poss.  pref.  of  first  person  ;  the 
radical  is  la). 

Bone,  oki'm  (o-  is  third  person  pre- 
fix ;  the  radical  is  kEn). 

Book.  masina'-IgEn  (a  derivative  of 
the  radical  mdtimd,  "painted,  en- 
graved, written,  "etc.,  through  the 
verb  mdsina'igK,  "to  draw,  to 
write  ;  "  -gKn  is  instrumental  suf- 
fix. A  "book"  is  "that  upon 
which  something  is  drawn  or 
written  "). 

Bottle,  omu'ate  (probably  this  and 
the  corresponding  omodai  of  Bar- 


aga's Otcipwe  are  but  derivatives 
of  the  French  bouteille,  through 
dbiite  or  H/budt'). 

Bote,  mitigwu'l)  (the  etymology  of 
this  word  is  uncertain  ;  the  first 
part  appears  to  be  mltig,  "stick, 
wood  "). 

Box,  mtkEk  (etymology'?). 

Boy,  iiY>\ud'\cl  (i.  e.,  "child, "7.  v  ). 

Boy  kwiwisens  (this  is  probably  a 
derivative  by  the  diminutive  -ens, 
of  a  form  kicl'wis ;  of  which  ety- 
mology ?). 

Boy,  ekwi'wi'iis  (this  appears  to  be 
an  individual's  peculiar  pronun- 
ciation of  the  previous  word  ;  it 
was  so  pronounced  by  the  chief's 
niece). 

Branch  {of  tree),  alikwEn  (the  rad- 
ical is  atlk,  which  is  a  suffix  sig- 
nifying "wood,  tree,  stick;" 
■WEn,  suffix). 

Bread,  pEkwe'cIgEn  (this  word  is 
derived,  through  the  verb  p^kwe'- 
cigK,  "to  cut  pieces  otf  anything 
with  a  knife,"  from  the  radical 
pf.kwE,  "a  bit,  a  piece."  The  In- 
dians called  bread  pEkwe'cigKn, 
"that  from  which  pieces  are  cut 
off,"  because  they  first  saw  loaves 
of  bread  when  being  cut.  The 
suffix  -gKH  is  here  used  in  one  of 
its  widest  senses  =  "thing."  In 
Cree  pnkkicejigan  has  the  mean- 
ing also  of  "bit,  morceau"). 

Bring,  nin  pito'n  ("I  bring;"  the 
radical  is  pi  =  "come  "). 

Brother  ni'djiki'wE  ("he  is  my 
friend;"  from  in  "my, "and  dfikV- 
«CE,  "he  is  friend  ;  "  the  radical  is 
dfi,  "friend"). 

Brother  (elder),  nissfi'yE  ("my 
elder  brother;"  ni="mr;" 
the  radical  is  sa'yE,  "elder  bro- 
ther"). 

Brother  (younger),  nisse'mE  ("my 


28 


younger  brother  ;  "  ?ii=  "  my  ;  " 
the  radical  is  sc'mB,  "younger 
brother"). 

Brother- in-line,  ni'ta  ("my brother- 
in-hiw  ;"  nt  =  "my;"  tlie  radi- 
cal is  t)'(,  "  brotlier  -  in  -  law, 
friend"). 

Bullet,  anwi  (see  Ball). 

Bullfrof],  pKpika  dinde  (this  seems 
to  signify  "  flea  frog,"  from  jmpik, 
"flea,"  &n(\dinde,  "frog."  Cuoq 
gives  for  "toad."  in  Xipissing, 
papikomulcaki  and  papikotunende, 
of  like  signification.     See  Toad). 

Bulrush,  En6kEnEck  ("mat  plant  ;" 
from  T.nokv.n,  "a  mat,"  and  the 
radical  suffix  -ecA-,  "plant;"  so 
called  because  used  to  make 
mats). 

Burdock.  dsakatabawEg  ("sticky 
thing."  The  first  part  of  this 
word  is  probably  misheard  for 
bosak.  Compare  Otcipwe  bassako- 
nindjin,  "my  hands  are  sticky  "). 

Butterfly,  mamangwE  (etymology  ?). 

Button,  bEtn  (the  English  word 
"button"). 


Cake,  pEkwe'cIkons  ("  little  loaf;  " 
■bus  is  diminutive  sulh.x.  See 
Bread). 

Calf,  pi'djikins  ("little  cow  ; ''  -ins 
is  diminutive  suffix). 

Canary-bird,  usa'wEpine'ci  (from 
dsf/'wE,  "  it  is  j^ellow, ' '  and pine'cl, 
"bird") 

Canoe,  otcima'n  ("his  canoe;"  d- 
is  third  person  prefix). 

Canoe  (birch-bark),  wigwEs  (ety- 
mology ?). 

Carrot,  osu'wEtci's  (from  osi'i'wK, 
"it  is  yellow,"  and  tc'is,  "tur- 
nip").' 


Cat,  kadjEkEns  (probably  "the  lit 
tie  glutton;"  compare  Xipissing 
kajakr,    "to   eat  gluttonously;" 
■jis  diminutive  suffix). 

Caterpillar,  niEsons  (see  Nettle). 

Cedar  {Thuia  occidentalis) ,  Id'jik 
(etymology  ?). 

Cherry,  okwa'min  (probablj'  "mag- 
got fruit;"  from  okica',  "mag- 
got," and  7nin,  "fruit"). 

Cherry  tree  (black),  okwa'mic  (-mic 
is  a  suffix  denoting  "tree,  shrub"). 

Cherry  (Choke-),  (see  Choke-cherry). 

Chickadee  (Varus  atricapillus),  gi'd- 
jikone'ci  (the  corresponding  Ni- 
pissingword  is  kitcikitcikanecinjic, 
and  kitci  is  reduplicated). 

Chief,  o'kimfi'  (etymology?). 

Chief  (great),  gitci  6'kima'. 

Chief  (Utile),  6'kima'ns  (-ns  is  a  di- 
minutive suffix). 

Child,  a'bino'dji ;  iT'pinotci  (Cuoq 
derives  the  corresponding  Xipis- 
sing term  abinotcenj,  through  an 
obsolete  form,  o,benotc,  from  the 
root  abe,  "  man."  He  stales,  also, 
that  while  word  abinotcenj  is  ap- 
plied to  a  child  [of  either  sex]  be- 
low the  age  of  i)uberty,  abenotc 
was  restricted  to  the  meaning  of 
"male  child."  It  is  interesting 
to  find  tlie  Mississagas  using  iiJbt- 
uu'tn  for  "boy."  Cuoq's  ety- 
mology of  the  word  is  open  to 
some  doubt). 

Chimney,  po'towadjikEn  (derived 
from  the  vaiWcaX  jtd' toica,  "to  make 
a  fire  ;  "  .k¥.n  is  instrumental  suf- 
fix. The  corresponding  terms  in 
Otcipwe  and  Xipissing  are  boda- 
wun,  potaicagan). 

Chin,  otamilvEn  ("his  jaw  ;"  o-  is 
third  person  prefix  ;  the  radical 
is  tamlkKn.  "jaw,"  in  which  the 
radical  -kv.n,  "bone,"  is  probably 
contained). 


29 


Chipmunk,  ogwinggwis ;  gitc-og- 
gwinggwis  {gitc=  "large"). 

Chisel,  6ckEn  (literally  "  horn,"  out 
of  Avhicli  materiiil  "chisels"  were 
made). 

Choke-cherry,  osesEwa'min  (etymol- 
ogy? Baraga  has  sissthcemin, 
"a  kind  of  wild  cherry;"  the 
last  component  is  min,  ' '  fruit " ) . 

Church,  anEmi'ami'kamik  ('wor- 
ship house;"  from  the  radicals 
a'liEmi,  "vforship,''  <\ndwi'ka7n ik, 
"house"). 

City,  gitci  oda'uE  ("great  town  "). 

Clam,  assens ;  essens  (diminutive 
from  the  radical  es,  as,  "oyster, 
shell,"  with  the  suffix  -ens). 

Claw,  dekoncig  ("his  claws  ; "  from 
the  radical  rkonc,  "claw,  nail"). 

Clay,  wfi'bigEn  (probably  from  the 
root  wab,  "white,"  with  the  suf- 
fix of  agent,  -gKn). 

Cloth,  manltowa'gin  (literally 
"mysterious  skin,"  or  "skin  of 
supernatural  origin  ; "  from  mdn- 
Ito,  "mysterious,  supernatural," 
and  radical  suffix  -rca'glii,  "the 
skin  of  a  large  animal."  The  In- 
dians gave  this  name  to  the  cloth 
which  thej'  obtained  from  the 
Europeans.  Compare  the  word 
for  "bead"). 

Cloth  (gray),  wa'bigin  (from  the 
radical  wab,  "white,"  and  the 
radical  suftix  -wd'gin,  "skin"). 

Cloth  (red)  miskwa'gin  (from  the 
radical  misk-,  "red,"  <iiul  the 
radical  suffix  -wi'i'gin,  "skin  "). 

Cloth  (wJiife),  wapiski'gin  (from 
wapiskE,  "it  is  white,"  and  the 
radical  suffix  -tea'gin,  "skin  "). 

Cloud,  anakwEt  ("it  is  cloitdy  "). 

Coal  (a),  EkEkadJE  (etymology?). 

Coal  oil,  pi'mite  ("  grease  "). 

Cold,  ki'zinE  ("it  is  cold"). 

Comb,  pin6kwEn  (Cuoq  thinks  that 


the  corresponding  Nipissing  pin- 
akvoan,  signifies  literally  "abat- 
poux,"  from  the  roots  pin,  "to 
fall,"  and  ikica,  "louse."  This 
derivation  is  very  doubtful.  La- 
combe  connects  the  Cvee  pinahik- 
kwan,  "comb,"  with  the  radical 
])iit,  "tomber  en  pieces,  etre 
menu,  fin,"  which  seems  more 
reasonable). 
Come,  undas  ("  [come]  here  ;"  prob- 
ably the  same  as  the  Nipissing 
ondaje,  "here,"  which  is  derived 
by  Cuoq  from  oom,  "ce,  ceci," 
and  dajez=taje,  a  local  adverb. 
If  this  etymology  be  correct,  the 
un-  of  tiie  Mississaga  is  more 
primitive  than  the  oit-  of  the  Xi- 
pissing  word). 
Cook,  tcibokwE  ("he  cooks;"  "he 

makes  ready  for  eating"). 
Copper,        6'sawa'bik       ("  yellow 
metal  ;  "  from  osii'wE,  "  it  is  yel- 
low,"    and     the     radical     suffix 
-icd'bik,  "metal,  mineral"). 
Corn,  mEnda'min  (probably  "grain 
of   mysterious    origin,"     mEiida 
being   possibly  a  disguised  form 
of   mdiiito.       Cuoq    derives    the 
Xipissiug    mandamin    from    the 
radicals  7«a«(7rt,  "admirable,  mer- 
veilleux,"  and  min,  "grain  "). 
Corn   soup,    mEnda'mina'bo    (the 
root  suffix  -(Vbo  signifies  "liquor, 
liquid"). 
Coic,  ekwa  pi'djiki  ("  woman  ox  "). 
Cranberry,  niEskegamin  ("marsh- 
berry;"  from  mKskeg,  "swamp, 
marsh,"  and  min,  "fruit,  berry." 
The  etymological  meaning  recalls 
the  dialectic  English  ' '  fen-berry  " 
for  the  same  fruit). 
Crane,  sEsa'gi  (etymology?). 
Cravat,    nabikwa'gEn    (this    word 
properly  signifies  "anj'thing  wora 
on,  or  suspended  from,  the  neck." 


30 


The  radicals  are  nnbl,  "suspended, 
hanging  from,"  and  -kwd'gKn,  suf- 
fix =='•  neck  "). 

Crawfish,  acagaci ;  ocagaci  (this 
word  is  probably  derived  from 
the  adverb  radical  (icE,  "back- 
wards," through  the  word  acagK. 
"to  move  backwards."  Tliis 
calls  to  mind  the  famous  French 
definition  of  the  crustacean). 

Crayon  (colored').  aticigEn  (-gKn 
is  instrumental  suffix;  compare 
Otcipwe  adissigan,  "dye-stuflf;" 
Cree  atisigav.  "teindre,"  and 
atismc,  "  il  est  teiut "). 

Crayon  box,  miikukESEg  (see  Bar- 
rel). 

Creek.  sT'bic  (derived  from  s'lln  or 
stp'i,  "river;"  ic  is  a  diminutive 
suffix  with  somewhat  of  a  deteri- 
orative force). 

Crow,  ondt'^k  (etymology?). 

Currants  {black  irild).  amikominiik 
("  beaver's  berries  ;  "  from  ainik. 
"beaver,"  and  inin.  "berry;" 
-uk  is  plural  suffix.  The  currants 
are  so  called  from  the  fact  that 
the  beavers  like  the  berries). 


D. 


Dance,  nimi  ("he  dances;"  from 
the  radical  nim.  which  expresses 
the  idea  in  "  to  dance  "). 

Dance  (fire).  wfi'bEnung  (?). 

Daughter,  nintu'n  ("my daughter;" 
from  nint  =  nin,  "my."  and  the 
radical  <~in,  "daughter."  In  Ni- 
pissing  the  diminutive  -anis  is 
sometimes  used  instead  of  an.  In 
Otcipwe,  according  to  Baraga, 
the  primitive  ■(in  occurs  only  in 
the  third  person  odanan.  "his 
grown-up  daughter,"  the  word 
used  vvith  the  first  person  being 


nindaniss.       The     Mississaga     of 
Skugog  has  the  older  form). 

Dn  lighter -in-lair.  nissim  ("my 
daughter-in-law;"  ni,  "my," 
and  radical  sim,  "daughter-in- 
law"). 

Day.  gi'jik  (properly  the  time  dur- 
ing which  tlie  sun  is  above  the 
horizon      Etymology?). 

Day.  gi'cigEt  ("it  is  day;"  -E<  is 
verbal  suffix). 

Deaf,  ka'kibi'ci  ("the  ears  are  stop- 
ped ;"  kfi-,  verbal  prefix  ;  klb,  radi- 
cal signifying  '  shut,  closed,"  and 
cl  radical  suffix^  "ear"). 

Death,  nibo'vvin  (formed  from  the 
radical  nlbo',  "to  die,"  with  the 
suffix  -win.  ••state,  condition," 
used  to  form  abstract  nouns  from 
neuter  verbs). 

Deer,  wa'wacga'cl ;  wawasgwez 
(etymology?). 

Deer  tallow.  maskEwadjI  pi'mitS 
("frozen  grease;"  from  w/as^•E- 
wddjE,  "  it  is  frozen . ' '  and  pVmite, 
"grease;"  mdikEirndJE  is  from 
the  radical  mdskK.  "  slifi',  firm  "). 

Deluge,  kimockaonk  (with  this  ex- 
pression the  word  d'ki  is  gener- 
ally understood,  the  meaning 
being  "  the  water  has  risen  above, 
or  covers  the  earth  ;  "  ki,-  is  a 
verbal  affix,  properly  relating  to 
the  "past,"  and  the  radical  is 
7n6ckan,  "the  water  keeps  ris- 
ing;" from  the  more  primitive 
7ndekE,  "to  rise  ;"  -o»k  is  local 
suffix). 

Devil,  matci  manitu  (•bad  super- 
natural being  ;  "  wdtci,  "  bad  "). 

Decil.  madji  mEnidn  (a  variation 
of  pronunciation  of  the  previous 
word). 

Dies.  uipo'. 

"Dipper  "  {the),  otcig  ;  o'tcig  ("the 
fisher  or  pL'kan  "). 


31 


Dinh  {for  winnowing).  nockatcigEn 
(-(/EM  is  instrumental  suflix  ;  the 
radical  is  /lockvi,  ''to  winnow, 
to  sieve  "). 

Dive  (u.).  kikEok  (''he  dived;" 
ki  is  verbal  tense  prefix  ;  the 
radical  is  k'E.i'i'k'i.  "to  dive  "). 

Diver  {species  of  loater  foicl),  cJngi- 
bis  (etymoloiiy  ?). 

Docj,  aniniu'c  (a  diminutive  of  the 
radical  d)dm  now  obsolete  in 
Mississai;a.  but  still  subsisting  in 
Nipissing  as  a  term  of  reproach, 
and  also  found  iu  some  of  the 
eastern  Aliionkian  dialects.  The 
Cree  retains  the  word  in  the  form 
atim). 

Door,  ickw6udKm  (this  seems  to  be 
a  derivative  from  the  root  ick- 
rcand,  which  still  survives,  beside 
ickwandem,  in  Nipissing.  with  the 
sense  of  "door"). 

Drink  (v.),  minikwK. 

Drum,  tawe'gKn  (etymology?). 

Drum,  miiikwa'kik  (••wooden 
kettle;"  from  mitik-.  "wood." 
and  a'kik,  "kettle."  Compare 
Cree  luistikwaskik). 

Duck,  cicip  (in  some  Algonkian 
dialects  this  word  seems  to  mean 
••waterfowl"  in  general.  It  is 
probably  of  onomatopojic  ori- 
gin). 

Duck  (J)lack),  anT'nicIp  (derived 
from  anl'iu  or  inVni,  and  c'lclp, 
"duck."  Cuoq  derives  the  cor- 
responding Nipissing  ininicib 
from  //////,  "  vrai,  par  excellence, " 
and  cicib,  "duck."  The  word 
signifies,  therefore.  "  the  duck  "). 

Dumb,  kfiwin  ki'gitossi  ("he  is 
dumb,"  literally  "he  does  not 
speak  ;  "  from  kuirin.  "  not,"  the 
radical kigito,  "to speak, "  and  -iTi, 
negative  suffix). 

Dyiiirj,  nibo'  ('  ■  he  is  dying  "). 


Efigle.  migi'zT  ;  migi'ssi  (this  word 
seems  to  terminate  in  the  suffix 
-8/ 1^  "bird."  The  signification 
may  be  "the  fighting  bird." 
Compare  Otcipwe  niti  migos,  "I 
fight"). 

Eagle  {bald-headed),  ami'gigikwani 
(etymology":'). 

Ear,  nita'wEk  ("my  ear;"  ni-=^ 
"my;"  the  radical  is  ta'iPKk, 
"ear."  perhaps  connected  with 
Nipissing  tdwE,  "it  is  open  "). 

Ear  of  corn  (an),  pa'djikwa'tik  mED- 
da'miu  (literally  "one  ear,  or 
spike  of  corn  ;  "  from  pt'i/djik=^ 
pe'cik,  "one,"  and  -lal'tik,  radical 
suffix  signifying  "plant,  stick," 
and  7mi.ndi~i'min,  "corn"). 

Early,  gi'gicEp  ("early  in  the 
morning  ;  "  tlie  word  contains  the 
radical  c¥.p  =  "this  morning"). 

Earring.  na'bicabicEn  (a  derivative 
from  the  radical  nd'bi,  "hanging, 
suspended."  and  the  radical  suf- 
fix -ri'.  ••ear,"  with  a  suffix.  The 
Nipissing  has  a  simpler  form,  na- 
biceon ;  the  Otcipwe  is  nabishebi- 
son). 

Earth  (terra  et  solus),  ake  :  aki. 

Eat  (v.),  mi'djiu. 

Eclipse  {of  sun  ormoon).  nibo'ki'zis 
("  the  star  is  dead  "). 

Eclipse.  ago'citEgwi'wE  (etymol- 
ogy'^ But  the  radical  is  probably 
agicoc  =^  "cover".  Compare 
Ot(ipwe  agaicateshkawa.  "I  cover 
him  with  my  shadow  "). 

Eel.  pimi'si  (possibly  so  named  from 
the  •'oil"  extracted  from  this 
fish  :  com^-Axep'i'mite.  •'grease"). 

Egg.  wfi'wE  (a  rapprochement  be- 
tween Cree  wdwi,  "egg,"  and 
wdwiy.  "  round  "  =  Nipissing  wa- 
wiie,  seems  possible). 


32 


Egg,  wfi'wEn  (this  word  is  properly 
the  plural  of  a  root  icmc.  In  ]Mis- 
sissaga  both  this  and  the  form 
wt'i'ic'E,  resembling  Cree  icawi,  are 
in  use.  The  Xipissing  has  the 
form  tcaic.  In  Otcipwe  only  the 
plural  form,  lomcan,  is  in  use,  but 
in  the  singular  sense). 

Eggs,  wa'wEnEn  (.this  is  an  ex- 
tended plural  to  the  word  iCi'i'wBn, 
itself  a  plural.  Tlie  OtcipwO  has 
wawanon.  This  recalls  such  plu- 
rals as  '•  cherubims  "  in  English). 

Eggshell,  dlvKnawE  (this  word  seems 
to  be  composed  of  bkKn,  "its 
bone, "  and  ?n7';/-E,  "egg."  Com- 
pare the  Cree  icaicioskan,  "egg- 
shell"). 

Egg  (white  of),  wii'pawEn  (from 
the  radical  wap  or  icdh,  "white," 
&n(\  wa'WRn,  "egg"). 

Egg  {yolk  of),  miskwa'wEn  (from 
the  radical  miskir-,  "red,"  and 
wa'WEn,  "egg"). 

Egg  yolk,  omiskEswfr    (this    word 
was  heard  only  once  ;  it  is  another 
derivative  from  the    same    root, 
the  o-  being  pronominal). 

Eight,  icwaswi  :  cwaswi  (there  ap- 
pears in  Otcipwe  another  form, 
rtishwasswi,  which  helps  to  ex- 
plain this  word.  The  first  com- 
ponent appears  to  be  niswl, 
"three, "  which,  in  composition, 
can  assume  the  forms,  ni-io  or 
nisxD  ;  the  sufh.x  is  -asiol.  Accord- 
ing to  Cuoq  this  last,  which  prop- 
erly signiiies  "number"  in  the 
general  sense,  has  in  the  com- 
pound numerals  the  meaning 
"five,"  the  number  par  excel- 
lence.   "  Eight  "  would  be  3 -f  0). 

Eighty,  icwasi  mila'nE  ;  cwa'si  ml- 
ta'nE  ("  eight  tens ;  "  mithitVE.  = 
French  "dizaine  "). 

Elk,  atiic  (etymology  ?). 


I'Uk,  mice'wE  (etymology?). 

Elk's  hide,  acka'tayo  (from  the  rad- 
ical ack,  "green,  raw,  not  dry," 
and  the  radical  auflix  -n'tayo, 
which  properly  signifies  "the 
raw  hide  of  any  animal  "). 

Elm,  Enib  (etymology?). 

El/ii  bark,  wEsangu  (etymology?). 

End  {of  earth),  a'ki  kickog  ("the 
earth  the  end ;"  from  ftki,  "earth, " 
and  kickog,  '  ■  end. ' '  Kkkog  seems 
a  syncopated  form  corresponding 
to  the  Otcipwe  gi-ishkwa.  The  end 
of  the  earth  in  Baraga's  Otcipwe 
is  gi-ishkwa-akiica/i.  See  After- 
noon). 

Englishman,  cagEnoc  (Cuoq  consid- 
ers that  all  the  Algonkian  cognates 
of  this  word  are,  like  the  Xipis- 
sing  aganeca,  corruptions  of  the 
French  anglais.  In  support  of 
his  contention  he  cites  tiie  fact 
that  the  Nipissings  formerly  said 
angaleca  instead  of  the  present 
aganeca.  Mrs.  Bolin  thought  that 
the  3Iississaga  word  meant  "sail 
around  the  world."  The  corre- 
sponding terms  in  Otcipwe  and 
Cree  are  jaganash  and  akayas- 
siw). 

Enough,  mi-ifi  minik  (this  appears 
to  be  tautological.  In  Otcipwe, 
"enough"  is  mi  iw  or  mi  minik. 
Mi  seems  to  be  an  assertive  parti- 
cle, and  minik  an  adverb  =^ 
"  enough  "). 

Eoening,  onaguci  ;  onaguc  (etymol- 
ogy? Cuoq  endeavors  to  con- 
nect the  Xipissing  onagoe  with 
anangoc,  "star;"  "evening" 
being  tlie  time  when  the 
"Stars"  begin  to  come  out. 
This  is,  however,  a  little  far- 
fetched. The  word  is  probably 
connected  with  -onago,  a  suffix  of 
past  time.  Compare  Cree  otakusin. 


33 


"it  is  evening,"  from  otak,  "en 

arriere  "). 
Eye,  nickinjikfiu  ("my  eyes  ;"  m- 

is  possessive  prefix  and  -un  plural 

suffix,  the  radical    being   ckiujik, 

"eye"). 
Eyes  {my),   niclvg'siiu'in    (this  form 

of  the  word  was  heard  once). 


F. 


jp'wce,  otanggwi  ("his  face;"  ^-  is 
pronominal,  the  radical  is  taiig- 
gwi). 

Fall  imUiimn),  tagwfi'gl.  (Perhaps 
from  radical  UiJm,  "cool.") 

Fall  {autumn),  tagwa'dji  (this  was 
once  heard  from  an  Indian). 

"Faeries,"  nildewi'd.ji  (derived  from 
mulewl,  "to  l)c  a  medicine  man," 
and  the  suffix  -djl.  "What  the  In- 
dian meant  by  "faeries"  is  not 
exactly  clear). 

Far  off,  wa'ssK  ;  gwEnagwa  (ety- 
mology?). 

Farm,  gi'tlgEu  (••  field,  planted"). 

Farmer,  giiigE-winl'ni  (from  fjV'/gE, 
"he  plants,"  and  iul'ni,  "  man  ;" 
-w-  is  an  auxiliary  connective  let- 
ter). 

Fat,  wi'ninu'  ("he  is  fat;"  from 
the  radical  wVnin,  "fat,  grease," 
which  may  be  connected  with 
the  primitive  root  win,  "mar- 
row ;"  the  -u  is  verbal  suffix). 

Father,    nds  ("my  father;"   »-   is 
pretix  of  first  person,  the  radical 
being  os,  the  literal   signification 
of  which  is  not  apparent). 
Father,  tele  (this  is  a  child's  word). 
Father,    no'sinan     ("our    fatlier," 
used    by   children   of    the    same 
parent  ;  the  radical  is  os,  the  rest, 
prefix   and   sufiix,    signifying 
"our"). 
Father(,Our),\\.i\.i:i manitu(the  Lord's 


Prayer  begins,  Kiln  manitu  lepe- 
mink,  literally,  "Great  supernat- 
ural being  up  above  "). 
Father-lii-hno,  nissinis  ('my  father- 
in-law;"    nl-  is  pronominal,  the 
radical  being  sinis). 
Father.  mij^wKu  (etymology?). 
Fence,  mi'djikiin  ;  rai'lcikEn  (-/em 
seems  to  be  sufiix.    Cuoq  inclines 
to  derive  the  Xipissing  mitcikaii 
from  mitri,   which   translates  the 
d  mhiie  in  such  expressions  as  "a 
meme  la  terre,"  because  the  pieces 
of    wood    which    compose    the 
"fence"  are   "  plantces  horizon- 
talcment  a  mr'me  la  terre."    This 
is  very  doubtful). 
BHeld,   gi'tigEn    ("it   is   planted;" 
from  iriii  gl'ligE,  "  I  plant,  put  in 
the  ground  ;"  -gKn,  suffix). 
Fifty,  nu'nEmila'nE  ("five  tens;" 
from  nil'))  ek.  "five,  "and  mlta'nv.). 
File,     sisiboJjigEn      ("that      with 
which  one  sharpens  ;  "    the  radi- 
cal is  sislbodj,  which  expresses  the 
idea    "to   sharpen;''    gEn  is  in- 
strumental suffix). 
Fine  (adj.),  minfi  ;  mino. 
Fine  day,   minu  gi'cigEt  ("it  is  a 

fine  day  ;  the  weather  is  fine"). 
Fire,    iskitu'k    (this     word    differs 
somewhat     from     the     Nipissing 
ickote  and   the   Otcipwe    ishkote, 
hut  is  evidently   from  the  same 
radical). 
Fire  dancf,  wa'bunk  (?). 
Fire,    nin    po'lowe    ("I    build     a 

fire"). 
■Fireflies.  wfi'watasIwEg  {-icEg  is 
plural  suffix.  Cuoq  would  derive 
the  Nipissing  wawatos/,  "firefiy," 
from  the  verb  wawate,  "  il  fait  des 
eclairs,"  which  leads  back  to  the 
more  primitive  root  icate,  "  a  flash 
of  light  in  the  darkness."  The 
-si  in  this  word  is  a  radical  suffix 


34 


signifying  'bird,  or  fl3'ing  crea- 
ture." So  the  literal  meaning  of 
wiViciiidsl'  would  seem  to  be  "it- 
makes-flashes  tiding  creature  '). 

Fireplace,  po'lovvadjikEn  (derived 
through  the  verb  potowddj,  from 
the  radical  verb  (niu)  po'toicr.  "  I 
make  a  fire  ; "  -kKii  is  suffix  of 
instrumentality.  The  Nipissing 
and  Otcipwc  have  the  simpler 
forms  poti~>W(t/i  and  boddwan). 

Fir  tree,  c  i  n  go '  b  (e  ty  m  ol  ogy  ?) . 

Firewood,  mi'cl. 

Fisher  {Maries  Canadetius),  odjig  ; 
otcig  ;  otcig  (in  Canadian  French 
pekan). 

Fishhook,  migiskEn  (this  word  is 
probably  from  a  radical  ml'gis, 
the  signification  of  which  is  un- 
certain ;  -kETi  is  instrumental 
suflSx). 

Fishing  line,  otadjiko'kEn  (properly 
a  "trolling  line  ;  "  derived  from 
the  verb  nin  otadfikd'kK,  'l  fish 
with  a  trolling-line,"  which  from 
the  roots  seen  in  Olcipwc  adjig- 
wadan,  "I  catch  it  with  a  hook;" 
Nipissing  koke,  "pecher  a  la 
ligne  "). 

Fishing  net,  ESEb  (Lacombe  derives 
the  cognate  Cree  (lyapiy  from 
ayak,  "quantite,  succession, 
grand  nombre,  succession  d'ob- 
jets"). 

Fishing  rod.  wa.'wabEni';bEnak  (de- 
rived from  the  \Qvhtci~i'K(ibKhY.'bE, 
"to  fish,"  and  the  radical  suffix 
ak,  "something  of  wood,  a 
stick  "). 

Fish  spear,  onit. 

Five,  na'nEn  (etymology?). 

Flesh,  wi'-iyas  ("his  flesh;"  ici- 
is  a  rarely  used  pronominal  pre- 
fix of  the  third  person  ;  the  radi- 
cal is  t-yds). 

Flour,   na'pane'   (this   word  is  the 


form  which  the  French  lafarine 
has  assumed  in  Mississaga.  The 
Nipissing  has  napanin,  which, 
however,  is  used  only  in  the 
plural  form  napaninak.  Cuoq 
says  that  in  the  old  manuscripts 
of  the  missionaries  the  form  la 
farinak,  which  clinches  the  ety- 
mology, is  found). 

Fly  {house),  o'dji. 

Foot,  nize'tE  ("my  foot;"  the 
radical  is  2(^0- 

Forty,  nI'mlta'nE  ("four  tens;" 
from  nVwin,  "four,"  which  in 
composition  sometimes  assumes 
the  form  in,  and  inltd'nK,  "ten, 
dizaine  "). 

Four,  ni'win  (etymology  ?). 

Fox  bird.  a'uEk  ;  annk. 

Fox,  wagu'c :  wfigwi't'c  (etymol- 
ogy ?  Possibly  a  diminutive 
from  a  root  wag,  by  the  suffix  -uc). 

Frenchman,  wamitigu'ci  (the  ety- 
mology of  this  word  is  uncertain. 
Mrs.  Bolin  thought  that  it  meant 
"  he  carries  a  trunk  or  box,"  and 
stated  that  it  was  evidently  given 
to  the  early  French  traders.  This 
derivation  would  make  the  radi 
cal  of  the  word  the  same  as 
the  Nipissing  mitikowac,  "box; 
trunk,"  composed  of  mitik, 
"wood,"  and  wac,  "hollow." 
Another  etymology  makes  the 
word  signify  "boat  builders." 
The  Cree  is  wetnistikojiw ;  the 
prefi.x  wa-  =  "he  who"). 

Friend,  niia  ("my  friend:"  the 
radical  is  td,  "friend,  brother  in- 
law "). 

Frog,  omiikEki  (etymology?  Pos- 
sibly the  word  is  the  same  as  the 
Narragansett  omuckakee,  "it  is 
bare,  or  hairless."  Cuoq  consid- 
ers the  Nipissing om«/.;a^i  to  be  of 
onomatopoeic  crigin). 


35 


Frying  pan,  sasEko'kwEn  (etymol- 
ogy V  The  corresponding  verb  is 
niii  sasEko'kwK,  "I  fry."  The 
OtcipwC-  word  is  sassukokwadji- 
(jait,  Xipissiiig  sasekokwan,  Cree 
saseskikktcan.  These  words  seem 
to  contain  the  radical  sdsE,  which 
probably  denotes  the  noise  made 
in  frying.  Cuoq  gives  as  the  rad- 
ical of  the  Nipissing  sasikan, 
"what  is  left  oflard  after  melting, " 
sasi,  which  hu  considers  onoma- 
top(vic.  Compare  also  the  Cree 
sasipimeic,  "he  reduces  to  grease 
l)y  boiling  "). 

Full,  mockinE  ("it  is  filled  "). 


G. 


Gate,  nasiikwEnigEn  (probably 
"that which  is  opened,"  or  'that 
by  which  one  enters."  Compare 
Otcipwe /(assa/.o/^a//,  "I open  it  ;" 
-gKn  is  instrumental  sufbx.  For 
"gate"  Wilson  gives  ishqudun- 
,  dam,  i.  e.,  "door  "). 

Gather,  nin  mawKndjiE  ("I  gather 
together;"  the  radical  is  md- 
wwid). 

Oliost,  o'tcltcog  ("his  soul  or 
spirit ; "  the  radical  is  tcttcog. 
The  corresponding  words  in  Ot- 
cipwe  and  Nipissing  are  otchitch- 
agwan  &nd  otdd-ngocan.  The  rad- 
ical of  the  latter,  tdtcagoc,  is,  as 
Cuoq  hints,  a  diminutive  of  tcit- 
eag,  a  radical  formerly  in  use  and 
corresponding  to  the  Mississaga. 
In  Cree  the  word  for  "soul, 
spirit,"  is  aichak,  evidently  from 
a  like  primitive  root,  the  more 
remote  signification  of  which  is 
uncertain). 

Qlant  {mythical  cannibal) ,  windlgu  ; 
wendigo. 


Girl,  ekwa'sis  (diminutive  of  ektcii, 

"  woman  "). 
Girl,  ekwa'sens  (diminutive  of  eAw/?, 

' ' woma  n " ) . 
Girl,  ekwe'sens  (diminutive  ofehre, 
"woman  "). 

(These  three  words  are  all  deri%'a- 
tives  from  the  same  radical,  ekien 
or  ekicc.  by  the  diminutive  suffixes 
-sis,  -sens). 
Give  (to),  mic  ;  mlc. 
Glad,    nin    bapina'ndEm    ("I    am 
glad."    The  word  is  derived  from 
the  radical  bap,  "to  laugh,"  and 
the  verb  seen  in  Otcipwe,  nindi- 
nandam,    "I  think;"    so  that  it 
literally  sisniries  "I  laugh  think- 
ing"). 
Glove.  miiidjiku'wEn   (etymology? 
Perhaps  the  first   component    is 
inindji,  "tied,  bound " ) . 
Go,  ma'djE  ("he  goes  away"). 
God,    kiici  manitu    ("great  super- 
natural being  "). 
God,  kitce  manitu.    • 
God,  kitci  mEnidu. 
God,  gicemnianltn    (the   last   three 
are  variants  in  pronunciation  of 
the  first). 
God  (see  Saviour). 
Gold.  r).?aco'niE  ("yellow  money  ;  " 
derived   from   osd'tcE,  "it  is  yel- 
low,"  and  co'nlK,    "money,  sil- 
ver"). 
Good,  onicicin  ("it  is  good;"   the 
radical    is   nic  ;  b-  is   pronominal 
prefix,  and    in  is  verbal  suffix). 
Good,  onicece  ("he  is  good."  See  the 

previous  word). 
Goose,  obicke'si  (this  corresponds  to 
the  uhpishekese  waica  of  "Wilson. 
Baraga  has  obijashkessi,  "a  kind 
of  gray  wild  goose  "). 
Goose  (icild).  nika'  (etymology?) 
Gooseberry,  cabo'min  ("the piercing 
fruit,"  so  called  from  its  spines. 


36 


The  radicals  are  cfibo,  "piercing 
througli,"'  and  min.  "  fruit  berr}'." 
Tlie  German  Stnchelbeere  oilers  it- 
self for  comparison.  One  of  tlie 
Indians  at  Sliugog  said  that  the 
word  meant  'look-through  fruit," 
probably  a  '"  folk-etymology  "). 

Granclfathcr,  ni'missu'mis  ("my 
grandfather  ;  "  the  radical  is  Diis- 
so'tnis  ;  the  Cree  has  nimusom  ; 
-is  is  suffix). 

Grandmother, nokd'imsC'my  gnmd- 
motlier  ;  "  the  radical  h  okd'mis, 
■which  seems  related  to  misso'inis, 
"grandfather."     Cree  n'okkum). 

Qrape,  cawe'raiu  ("the  sweet 
fruit."  This  is  the  etymology  of 
Cuoq,  who  derives  the  Xipissing 
cowiviin  from  the  radicals  co, 
which  expresses  the  idea  of  sweet- 
ness, and  inin,  "fruit."  The  Ot- 
cipwe  \\OY(\ji)iiiin,  "grape,"  con- 
firms this  etymology). 

Grass,  mancEck  (properly  "hay  ;  " 
from  a  radical  mane,  and  the  suf- 
fix radical  -Kck,  "plant,  herb"). 

Gravy  (pork),  koku'cmiie'  ("pig- 
grease;"  from  koku'c,  "pig," 
and  plmite,  ' '  grease  ") . 

Grease,  pi'mile'  (properly,  "  it  is 
greasy  ;"  tlie  Cree  preserves  the 
radical  pimiy,  "graisso,  huile, 
suif"). 

Great,  gitci ;  kilci ;  kitce  ;  gitce. 

Great,  mi'tce  ;  mi'tci. 

Great  -grandfather,  ningitcini'mis- 
so'mis  (literally  "my  great  my 
grandfather;"  nin,  "my,"  gitcl, 
"great,"  and  ui'missb'inis,  "my 
grandfather."  An  exactly  simi- 
lar word  exists  in  Xipissing. 
Since  in  Otcipwe  we  find  an  en- 
tirely difiereut  word,  nindanike- 
nimishomis,  also  in  Nipissing, 
nindanikenunicoinis,  formed  by 
the  use  of  the  radical  anikc,  which 


expresses  the  idea  of  "succession, 
series."  one  is  almost  tempted  to 
suspect  French  or  English  infiu- 
ence  in  the  case  of  the  Mississaga 
word  and  its  Nipissing  corre- 
spondent. Tlie  same  remarks 
apply  to  the  word  for  "great 
grandmother"). 

Great  grandmother,  nin  gitcl  noko'- 
niis  ("  my  great  my  grand- 
mother;"  nin,  gitci,  noko'mis.  See 
the  previous  word). 

Green,  miskwu  (properly,  "it  is 
red"). 

Gull,  gaj'ock  (etymology?). 

Gull  (young),  gayockons  (-ons  is  a 
diminutive  sulfix). 

Gun,  packl'sikEn  (from  the  radical 
pack,"  to  burst,  explode,"  through 
the  verb  pacJdsi,  "to  shoot,"  and 
the  instrumental  suffix  -kEn  ;  the 
word  seems  to  signify  "the  burst- 
ing or  exploding  thing  with  which 
one  shoots  "). 


H. 


Hair,  niminisis  ("my  hair;"  the 
radical  is  minisis). 

Hammer,  piokiiigEu  ("  that  with 
wliicli  one  strikes  ;"  from  the  rad- 
ical ;jEA.i«E,  "to  strike,"  with  the 
instrumental  suffix  -gun). 

Hand,  niiiiiulji ;  nine'ndji  ("my 
hand  ;  "  the  radical  is  nindj  or 
nendj). 

Hand  (left),  ninuEmKudjinindj 
(  "  my  left  hand;"  the  chief  compo- 
nent is  nvjuvjidfinindj,  composed 
of  the  radicals  n'E.mi.ndj,  "left," 
and  nindj,  "hand;"  -^  is  verbal 
suffix). 

Hand  (right),  ningitcinindj  ("my 
right  hand  ;"  literally,  "ray  great 
or  excellent  hand;"  from  vin, 
gitcl,  nindj). 


37 


Eanclker chief,  mucwO  (a  loan-word 
from  Frencli  ;  =)nonrhoir,  which 
in  Canada  is  pronounced  mur- 
we'-r). 

Eandkerchief  {for  neck),  nfi'blkRg 
(derived  from  the  radical  rn'^i'Iii, 
"to  hang  from,"  through  the 
verb  na'bikKH,  "  I  wear  on  the 
neck  "). 

Handkerchief  (silk),  SEnipE  nablkEg 
(see  Hcoulkerrhief  and  Ribbon). 

Hard,  niaskEwfi  ("it  is  hard  ;  " 
from  the  radical  nu'ukK). 

Hat,  wiwakwKn  (according  to  Cuo(i 
the  corresponding  wiwakwaa  of 
•  the  Nipissing  is  an  abbreviation 
of  tciicakicertikican,  a  term  for- 
merly in  use,  which  is  composed 
o{  loitcakwe,  "that  which  covers," 
and  ctikioan,  "head  ;"  so  the  word 
would  seem  to  mean  the  "  coverer 
of  the  head."  The  word  may, 
liowever,  be  derived  directly  from 
tciwaktce) . 

Hat,  wTwakwe  (this  form  is  also  in 
use  among  tiie  Mississagas). 

Hatchet,  tcikilmigEn  (-guti  is  instru- 
mental suffix.  This  word  is  doubt- 
less cognate  with  the  Nipissing 
tcikikaiguii,  "hache  pour  equar- 
rir,"and Cree tchikahigan,  " axe. " 
The  root  of  the  word  is  seen  in 
the  Cree  tchikahwew,  "he  chops"). 

He,  wi'nIlEm  ("he  now,"  "it  is  his 
turn ;"  from  the  demonstrative 
icl-  and  the  sulll.x  -lutwn,  which 
appears  to  be  the  same  as  the  Xi- 
pissing radical  nitam,  "premier"). 

Head,  nIctigwEn  ("my  head;"  the 
radical  is  rtigwKn). 

Heart,  nte'  ("  my  heart ;  "  the  radi- 
cal is  te). 

Heaven,  fcpeming  ("in  the  on- 
high  ;"  -ing  is  locative  suffix,  and 
the  radical  is  irpem,  "on  liigh, 
up,"  which  comes  from  the  more 

4 


primitivcK/^,  "higli,  up."  Baraga 
gives  ishjieiiiing  =  "  upstairs"). 

Heel,  otondEn  ("hislieel  ;"  the  rad- 
ical is  tondv.ii). 

Hell,  anamnkamik  (literally  "the 
liouse  below;"  from  the  radical 
anamE,  "down,  below,"  and  the 
radical  suffix  -kdmik,   "house"). 

"Hell-diver,"  cingibis  (etymology? 
Tlie  Cree  sikkiiJ,  "  poule  d'eau," 
sliow  -is  to  be  suffix). 

Hemlock,  kakamic  (this,  like  the 
Otcipwc  kagngiicanj,  Nipissing 
kakokiwiiij,  is  the  "  raven's  tree ;" 
the  components  atq  kakakl,  "ra- 
ven," and  -mic,  "tree,  shrub"). 

He II,  pEkakwEn  (etymology?  Cuoq 
regards  as  somewluit  far-fetched 
the  suggested  derivation  of  the 
Nipissing  pakaakwan  from  pakak, 
"  clair.  eclatant,"and  -owe  or  -we, 
a  suffix  signifying  "  noise,  voice." 
The  word  is  used  both  for  "cock  " 
and  "  hen,"  as  is  the  case  in  Ni- 
pissing and  Otcipwc.  The  Cree 
word  is  pakkfihakkwan,  the  ety- 
mology of  which  is  uncertain). 

Here,  mande. 

Heron,  ukjcIveo'si  (etymology?  The 
word  seems  to  contain  the  radical 
suffix  -si,  "bird."  The  cognate 
words  in  Nipissing,  Otcfpwc  and 
Cree  are  moc/caosi,  moshkaossi  and 
mokasiip  or  mokkahasiic  ;  perhaps 
the  root  of  liie  word  is  seen  in 
the  Nipissing  mocka,  "to  emerge, 
to  rise  "). 

Herring,  oke'wis  ;  oka'wis  (the  rad- 
ical is  possibly  in  the  Nipissing 
oko,  "en  bande,  en  tas  "). 

Hill,  pikwa'dinE  ("it  is  hilly  or 
mountainous  ;"  from  the  radical 
pikd  or  pikw-,  which  expresses  the 
idea  of  an  "elevation,  a  hump/' 
and  the  suffix  radical  ii'clin, 
"mountain,  hill "). 


455740 


38 


Ilive  (see  Beehive). 

Jlog,  kOku'c  (Cuoq  considers  tliat 
the  Nipissing  kokoc  and  its  Algon- 
kian  cognates  have  been  derived 
from  the  French,  "according  to 
Algonkian  analogy."  Other 
writers,  rejecting  the  etymology 
from  French  cochon,  assign  to  this 
word  an  onomatopci^ic  origin). 

Honey,  fimo  sisibakwEt  ("bee- 
sugar"). 

Hook  (see  Fish-hoo7<). 

Horn  (co7'/(u),  e'ckKn  (the  Cree 
forms,  oskan,  "  bone,"  and  eskan, 
"horn,"  render  it  probable  that 
the  root  of  both  is  -skYjt,  tlie  ]Mis- 
sissaga  o'ktn,  "boue,"  having 
lost  the  s). 

Hornet,  amo  ("bee"). 

Horse,  papa'djikogKci  ("it  has  one 
hoof;"  from  papa'djikb,  "to  be 
one,  or  undivided,"  and  the  radi- 
cal suffix  -gi-ci,  "hoof,  claw." 
The  radical  of  the  first  component 
is  jxYOjik,  "one  by  one  ;  "  pe'cik, 
"  one  ;  "  pa  is  reduplicative). 

Hot,  gica'te  ("it  is  warm  weather;" 
from  the  radical  g'w,  which  con- 
veys the  idea  of  "warmth,"  and 
the  verbal  suffix  a'te,   "it  is"). 

Hot,  kitciga'mite  ("it  is  hot,"  said 
of  water  and  liquids  ;  from  the 
radical  kite  —  g'/r,  "hot,"  and 
agd'mi,  "liquid;"  -tc  is  verbal 
suffix  =  rt'fe). 

House,  wi'kiwfi. 

House  {ill  the),  wl'kiwam  (at  Skugog 
"house  ' '  is  M;^'^■^w«,and  wVkiwam 
means  "in  the  house."  Cuoti 
seeks  to  connect  the  Nipissing 
wikiicam  with  irikwas,  "birch 
bark,"  because  it  formerly  signi- 
fied "bark  house."  This  is  very 
doubtful,  as  the  tree  would  in  all 
probability  receive  its  name  from 
the  house  and  not  vice-versa.    In 


Cree  we  find  a  simpler  form,  w'iki, 
"sa  demeure,"  and  kiki,  "  ta  de- 
meure,"  which  suggest  the  ulti- 
mate derivation  of  these  words 
from  a  primitive  radical  ki). 

H'ickleherry,  mln  ;  mia  {min  or  mln 
is  a  Avidespread  Algonkian  term 
signifying  "fruit,  berry,  grain," 
etc.  It  has  been  suggested  that 
the  ultimate  signification  of  the 
word  is  "divided,  split  into 
parts,"  as  many  berries,  fruits 
and  grains  are.  Wlien  specialized 
the  word  signifies  the  huckle- 
berry). 

H'lmriiiiig-hird,  nouukfi'si  (the  ety- 
mology of  this  word  is  not  quite 
certain.  Cuo(i  inclines  to  derive 
the  corresponding  Nipissing  uoito- 
kase  from  nonokn  and  the  suffix 
-si,  "bird,"  the  meaning  being 
"the  bird  nonoka."  This  latter 
word  he  takes  to  be  of  onomato- 
pceic  origin,  expressive  of  the  noise 
made  by  the  bird  when  flying. 
Anotlier,  and  perhaps  a  better, 
etymology  is  that  which  derives 
tlie  name  of  tliis  little  bird  from 
the  radical  noka,  "slight,  tender, 
feeble,"  which  by  reduplication 
becomes  nonoka,  and  the  suffix 
-si,  "bird."  The  name  would 
then  signify  "I'olseau  mince"). 

Hundred,  ningo'twak  ("one  hun- 
dred;" composed  of  ningbt, 
"one,"  and  the  numeral  suffix 
-^rak,  which  denotes  "hundred." 
Ningbt  or  ningb  is  the  word  for 
"one,"  which  is  used  in  compo- 
sition, otherwise  pe'cik  is  em- 
ployed). 

Husband,  ninda'pe  ("my husband;" 
niiid:=^nin  =  ni  is  pronominal 
prefix,  the  radical  being  fi'pe, 
"husband,  man  ;"  this  generic 
word  for  "an  adult  male,"  which 


39 


in  some  dialects  has  disappeared, 
is  well  preserved  in  3Iississaga. 
It  is  probably  the  same  as  tlie 
radical  in  the  word  for  "  boy  "). 


/,  nil!  ;  nin  ;  uen. 

Ice,  mikwKm  (etymology?). 

Ill,  ima'En  ("there"). 

Indian,  Kni'cina'be  (literally  "the 
good  man,"  "the  man  par  excel- 
lence ;  "  from  ^lu'ciii  =  dnl'cici/i, 
"is  good,"  and  the  radical  d'be 
=  d'pe,  "man  "). 

Ink,  odji'bigEna'bo  ("writing  liq- 
uid;" -u'bo  is  radical  sullix  :^ 
"liquid;"  ddjl'bigwi  is  derived 
from  the  radical  verb  ddjl'biEn, 
"  I  make  marks  on  something  ;  " 
-</E/i  is  instrumental  suffix). 

Insect,  manito'c  (this  appears  to  be 
a  derivative  from  manitd,  "super- 
natural being,"  with  the  deterio- 
rative suffix  -c".  The  literal  mean- 
ing seems  to  be  "petty  deity  "). 

Iron,  piwu'bik  (Mrs.  Bolin  stated 
that  this  word  signified  "the 
metal  that  crumbles  off."  It  is 
composed  of  the  radical  pi  or  piw, 
signifying  "small,  in  pieces,"  and 
the  radical  suffix -r/'iiVt  or  -wd'bik, 
"  metal,  mineral."  Compare  the 
Otcipwc  nin  biicina,  "I  crumble 
something"). 

Iron-wood  (in  Canadian  French, 
bois  dur ;  Cornus  Canadensis), 
mfi'ne  ;  mfi'nea. 

Iroquois,  na'towe  (probably  "he  is 
a  snake."  Nd'towe  is  the  name 
given  by  certain  Algonkian  tribes 
to  a  large  species  of  snake). 

Island,  minis  (etymology  ".')■ 

Island  (in  a  river),  minitik  (this 
signifies  an  island  in  a  river,  with 
trees  on  it.     It  is  probably  com- 


posed of   minis,    "island,"    and 
-d'tik,  or  perhaps  milik,  "  tree"). 


J. 


Jay,  dinde'si  (-si  is  suffix,  signifying 
"  bird."  Cuoq  considers  the  Ni- 
pissing  tendesi  to  be  of  onomato- 
poeic origin,  the  bird  being  named 
from  its  cry  "tenh."  The  word 
would  then  signify  literally  "the 
bird  dinde'  "). 


K. 


Kettle,  fikik  (probably  a  derivative 
oi  d'ki,  "earth,"  since  the  first 
"kettles  "  were  made  of  clay  by 
the  Indians). 

Kittle  {of  tin),  a'kik. 

Kill,  nin  ni'cE  ("I  kill  him;"  the 
radical  is  nVc). 

Kingfisher,  okickimEni'ssi  (etymol- 
ogy somewhat  uncertain.  Cuoq 
derives  the  Nipissing  okickiman- 
issi  from  kickkiman,  "a  whet, 
stone,"  the  literal  meaning  being 
"the  bird  whose  voice  resembles 
the  noise  made  in  passing  a  knife 
over  a  whetstone."  The  3-  is 
pronominal  and  -s~i  suffix  = 
"bird"). 

Knee,  ogi'dik  ("his  knee;"  the 
radical  is  gi'dik). 

Know,  nin  kik^ndEn  ("I  know  it"). 


L. 


Lake,  sagfi'ikEn  (this  word  seems 
properly  to  be  applied  to  small 
inland  lakes  or  river  expansions  ; 
it  is  perhaps  connected  with  sdg'i, 
"the  mouth  of  a  river,"  or  the 
root  sakaani,  "to  go  out,"  seen 
in  Otcipwc). 

Lake,  assaga'ikEn. 


40 


Lake,  gasaga'ikEn  (these  last  two 
words  are  variaats,  due  probably 
to  individual  pronunciations  of 
sdgn'ikv.n). 

Lake  Simcoe,  Ecuniong ;  ocunT(5ng 
("the  place  of  the  calling  ;  "  so 
named  from  a  legendary,  or  per- 
haps an  historical,  incident,  for 
which  see  below.  The  sullix  -oiig 
is  locative). 

Lake  Simcoe,  gitciga'ming  ("the 
great  water"). 

Lake  Skugog,  ga-aga'ilcEn  ("lake"). 

Lake  Huron      ] 

Lake  Ontario    I  gitciga'ming  ("the 

Lake  Erie  j  "  great  water  "). 

Lake  Superior  j 

Lamp,  wasEkwanendjikEu  (this 
word  probably  signifies  "it  is 
used  for  a  light,"  or  "that  from 
which  a  light  is  obtained  ;"  the 
radical  is  seen  in  the  Otcipwc  nin 
wassakicanean,  "I  light  it,"  the 
primitive  root  being  was,  which 
contains  the  idea  "to  shine,  bril- 
liant ;  "  the  -djikEn  is  instrumen- 
tal suffix). 

Lamp  oil,  wasEkwancndjikEn  pi^- 
mite  ("  lamp  grease  "). 

Lamp  wick,  wasEkwan6udjikEn  sa'- 
kiteg  (the  last  component  is  prob- 
ably cognate  with  the  Otcipwc 
sagatagan,  "tinder"). 

Lance,  onit. 

Land,  a'kl  ;  ake. 

Landing  {of  canoes),  kape'win  (a 
derivative  from  the  radical  kape, 
which  expresses  the  idea  "  to  get 
out  of  a  canoe  ;  "  -win  is  abstract 
suffix). 

Last  autumn,  takwa'gong  {-ong  is 
suffix  =  "last"). 

Last  night,  de'bikong. 

Last  spring,  minokfi'ming. 

Last  summer,  ni'lMuong. 

Last  winter,  pipo'nong. 


Late,  6'sEm  kiwa'nEgwEcI  ("you 
are  late;"  osKm.  "late,"  kt, 
"you,"  and  [/,c]r/'/*E^Ed  "even- 
ing."    See  Evining). 

Laugh,  pa'pi. 

Lead,  ockilcwumEn  (Mrs,  Bolin 
stated  that  this  word  literally  sig- 
nified "it  can  be  cut  with  a 
knife."  The  radicals  seem  to  be 
kik  or  kick,  "cut,"  and  mb'kom^n, 
"knife  ;  "  b-  is  significant  of  the 
third  person). 

Lead  pencil,  ocigEn  (?). 

Leg,  okiid  ;  oka't  ("his  leg;"  the 
radical  is  kad  or  h'lt). 

Legs,  okalEu  ("his  legs;"  -em  is 
plural  suffix). 

Leggings,  mitas  (the  radical  is  tas  ; 
the  exact  signification  of  the  mi- 
is  not  known). 

Light  (lux),  wasakwo'nl  (literally 
"it  shines,  is  light ;  "  the  radical 
is  icrisa,  "bright,  shining;"  the 
radical  suffix  -kwo'ni  signifies 
"  flame,  blazing  "). 

I^ightning,  wasamowin  ;  wasamo  eu 
(the  radical  is  w('(Sa,  "shining, 
bright  "). 

Lightning,  wasaniawEk  ("  there  are 
flashes  of  lightning;"  -w-Ek  is 
plural  suffix). 

Ijilg  {renter-).  <)k.\M\.'hn\'i  (etymology? 
Baraga  has  okitebagn-icassakwane, 
"a  kind  of  yellow  flower  growing 
in  tlie  water;"  toassakwane, 
••flower"). 

Little  {(i),  pandji. 

Log  {oficood),kwaiM  (etymology?). 

/j07ig  ago,  m6-nwice  (etymology?). 

Looking-glass,  w  abi  nio  'tcitcag  WEn 
(Mrs.  Bolin  explained  this  word 
as  meaning  "  where  spirits  are 
seen  ;"  the  word  is  derived  from 
the  radical  tcab,  "to  see,"  and 
otcitcagwvji,  "his  ghost  or  spirit." 
When  the  Indians  looked  into  a 


41 


mirror  for  the  lirst  time,  they 
tliouglit  they  saw  their  ghosts  or 
spirits.  The  Cree  has  wahamuu, 
"mirror;"  wnbamtiio,  "il  se 
voit  dans  un  miroir, "  from  the 
radical  2C()b). 

Look,  mank  (etymology?). 

Lynx,  pkifi'  (etymology?). 


M. 

Marsh,  tolu'gEn  (with  a  suftix  -(jEn 
from  the  radical  toto,  "  trembling, 
infirm,  insecure  "). 

Mini  (homo),  ini'ni  (the  exact  etj'- 
mology  of  this  word  is  not 
known  :  it  is  probably  related  to 
the  radical  iuhi,  "true,  good." 
Lacombe  explains  the  Cree  iyi/tiic 
as  "le  principal  etre,  levraietre," 
from  root  iyin). 

Man  {vir)  (see  Husband). 

Man  (i.  e.,  Indian),  ani'cina'be  (see 
Indian). 

Man  (young),  ockine'gi  (from  the 
radicals  ockl,  "new,  fresh,"  and 
/(e'</t  :=  Nipissing  nik,  "to  be 
born;"    literally  "  uew-born  "). 

Ma  nitoulin  Island,  manilowa'ning 
("spirit  abode  "). 

Miiple  (hard),  a'nina'tik  (probably 
"  the  tree  par  excellence,"  as  Cuot^ 
states,  from  ini/(  or  anin,  "true, 
excellent,"  and  the  sulhx  radical 
■dtik,  "tree;"  a  derivation  from 
aninl  or  intiu,  "man,"  has  also 
been  suggested,  the  idea  being 
that  the  sap  of  the  maple  resem- 
bles the  blood  of  man,  hence 
"  man-tree  "). 

Maple  (soft),  tcigima'mic  (-mic  = 
"tree."  Etymology?  Evidently 
cognate  with  Lenapc  schicchiki- 
minschi). 

Maple  sap,  Srl-iba'kwEt-abo  ("sugar 


liquid;"  -ahd  Is  radical  suffix  = 
"liquid  "). 

Maple  seed,  anina'tik  miaikEn 
("maple  seed  "). 

Maple  S'lrjiir,  anina'tik  sisiba'kwEt  ; 
sisiba'kwEt  (this  word  signifies 
literally  "  squeezed  stick  ;  "  from 
the  radical  sis,  "squeezed, 
pressed,"  and  the  suffix  radical 
•hd'kiDFJ,  "stick"). 

Martin,  wabica'ci  (etymology  ?  Pos- 
sibly connected  with  the  root  wt'ih, 
"white."  The  Cree  wapistdn, 
contains  the  same  radical  as  first 
component  ;  the  corresponding 
Lenape  is  icoaprhioess). 

Mifskiiionge  (Esox  cstor),  maski 
no'nce  (Cuoq  derives  the  Nipis 
smg mackinonjeirom.  mac,  "big," 
and  kinonje,  "pike  ;"  he  supports 
this  derivation  by  citing  the  fact 
that  ill  one  dialect  the  word  has 
the  form  nticikinonje). 

Mat  (for  drying  rice  upon),  op6dji- 
gEn  (etymology?  The  suffix  is 
■Q'E.n ;  the  remainder  of  the  word 
is  probably  the  same  as  Otcipwe 
apakodjige,  "  I  cover  it."  Com- 
pare also  Otcipwe  apakwei,  a 
"  lodge  mat "). 

Meat  bird  (Lanins  septentr.),  gwing- 
gwic  ;  kwingkwic. 

Meat,  wi'-i-as  ("flesh."  See  Flesh). 

Medicine,  macki'ki  (this  word,  which 
also  signifies  "herb,  plant,"  is 
probably  from  the  radical  seen  in 
the  Nipissing  mackosi,  "prairie," 
and  Sauteux  mackosi,  "grass, 
plant"). 

Mcdicine-7nan,(\i&su\id\y\B\'in  ;  mide' 
(winVn'i  =  man). 

Meeting-house  (see  Church). 

Midnight,  6bilK  debikEt  ("half 
night  ;  "  the  radical  obitE.  signifies 
"half"). 

Milky     iciiy,     ua'mepakwe'bikEmi- 


42 


towEt  (^Irs.  Boliii  said  this  word 
meant  that  "the  sturgeon  was 
stirring  up  tlie  lake  of  lieiiven 
■with  his  nose  and  making  the 
water  "rily  ;  "  the  word  seems  to 
be  composed  of  iwme,  "stur- 
geon," and  jidkice'bika'rra,  "it  is 
turbid"). 
Minnow,  glgo'sens  ("little  fish;" 
from  the  radical  gigo,  "a  fish," 
with  the  diminutive  suflix  -sens). 
Mississngii,    Misisa'ge  ;    Mlsisa'gwe 

(see  below). 
Moccasin,  omukEsin  ("his   mocca- 
sin;"     the    etymology   of    this 
word  is  very  uncertain  ;   the  rad- 
ical may  be  vnlk,  "  to  press  "). 
Mohawk,  na'tdwe  ("snake"). 
Month,  ninggoki'jic  ("one  moon"). 
Moon, 'ki'zxs.  (i.e.,    "star");    de'bl- 
ki'zis  ("  night  star  or  sun,"  from 
the  radical  de'bik,  "night,"  and 
kVzis,  "star"). 
Moose,  micewa  ("elk"). 
Moose,  mons  (etymology  ?  But  there 
is  reason  to  believe  that  the  word 
signifies  "the  eater,"  in  allusion 
to  the  "ravage"  of  the  animal). 
Morning,  gi'gicEp  (properly  "  in  the 
morning  early  ;  "  the  first  part  of 
the  word  has  not  been  explained, 
the  last  is  identical  with  Nipissing 
jeba,  "  ce  matin  passe,"  and  Ot- 
cipwe  j<'b<i,  "  this  morning  "). 
Morning  star,  waban  auKng  (from 
Wfi'ban,  "it   is  day."  and  (Ui'E.ng, 
"star"). 
Mother,  ningga  ("my  mother  ;"  the 

radical  is  ga). 
Mother,  ninggii'na  ("  our  mother") ; 
aibi'gEnub ;  gEbifi'nwes  (these 
two  words  were  obtained  from 
Chief  Johnston's  niece ;  they 
seem  to  be  peculiar  to  Mississaga, 
and  I  heir  etymology  is  not  appa- 
rent). 


Mother,  n  do 'don  ("my   mother," 
a  children's  word  ;  the  radical  is 
(Iddon   or  dodo.     Cuoq  seems  to 
connect  the  corresponding  Xipis- 
sing  djodjo  with  the  word  totoc, 
"breast,"  but  this  is  doubtful). 
Mother-in-law,    ninslgo'sis    ("my 
mother-in-law  ; "     this    word    is 
used  l)y  the  daughter-in-law  ;  the 
radical  is  s'/go'sis,  wliich  is  proba- 
bly a  diminutive  of  the  word  seen 
in  Nipissing  siVi'os,  "tante  mater- 
nelle,"  Otcipwe  sigoss ;  niasigo'- 
sis  would  seem  therefore  to  mean 
"  my  little  mother's  sister  "). 
Mountain,    wadji'u ;     watciu    (ety- 
mology ?). 
Mouse,   wiv'wabEkwEno'dji ;  wawa- 
bEkwEno'ncI  (Cuoq  thinks  that 
the    Nipissing    icawi(bikonotre)ijic 
is  a  diminutive  of  an  earlier  word, 
wabikonotc,   the  exact  etymology 
of  which   is    unknown  ;    perhaps 
this  latter  is  a   diminutive  of  a 
form  iDdhikon). 
Mouth,  nintr/n  ("  my  mouth  ;  "  the 

radical  is  ton). 
MnrJi,  nipiwa. 

3I"d  turtle,  mi'cika  (etymology?). 
Muskrat,    wiijaik ;     wadjack    (the 
etymology  of  this   word   is  very 
uncertain  ;  for  the  Nipissing  ira- 
jack  Cuoq  suggests  a  derivation 
from    'wnc,    "the    cabin    of     the 
muskrat,"    and     -ack,     "plant," 
because  "  il   a   sa  ouaje  dans  les 
joucs"). 
Mosquito,  sa'gimE  (etymology?). 


N. 


Nails  (  finger), ock6\\c\g{"  his  finger 
nails  ;  "  the  radical  is  rkonc ;  -ig 
is  plural  suffix). 

Near,  bEcu'  (the  word  is  the  radical 
b-E.cu',  "short  "). 


43 


Ned-,  okwa'gEn  ("his  neck  ;"  the 
radical  is  kwi'i'fjTS.n). 

Needle,  cahonigEiis  (-s  seems  to  be 
a  diminutive;  -r/E/i  is  instrumen- 
tal suflix,  and  the  radical  is  fdho, 
"through,  pierce;"  a  needle  is 
"  that  which  pierces  or  is  thrown 
through  cloth,  etc."). 

Nepheip,  iinicwi'ni  (etjMiiology  ?). 

Neitle,  uiKsons  ;  mEso'ns  (Mrs.  Bo- 
lin  explained  this  word  as  mean- 
ing "fuzzy  thing;"  she  consid- 
ered it  and  the  word  for  "  nettle  " 
as  being  the  same.  The  words 
are  difierent,  however,  in  Otcipwe 
and  Nipissing). 

iVbiier,  ka'win  wi'ka  (Av'/'wt//,  "not," 
&n^wVka,  "later,  after"). 

New.  6cke  ("  it  is  new  ;  "  the  radi- 
cal seems  to  be  ock.  Compare 
ack,  "  raw,  green  "). 

Niece,  nindo'djimis  ("my  niece;" 
the  radical  is  do'djimis). 

Night,  debikEt  ("it  is  night;"  -E< 
is  suffix,  the  radical  is  dcbik). 

Night  (last),  debikoag  (,-ong  suffix 
=  "last"). 

Nine,  cangasvvi ;  cangassT  (this  word 
is  composed  of  cKi/g  and  the  radi- 
cal suffix  -aswi.  Cuoq  says  that 
cmg  contains  the  idea  of  "inferi- 
ority, imperfection  ;  "  ranyasw'i 
would  seem  to  mean  "the  imper- 
fect number,"  as  compared  with 
■mitdiwl,  "ten."  Compare  Cree 
keka  mitaiat,  "  nine  "  ^^  "nearly 
ten"). 

Ninety,  cangaso  mila'uE  ("nine 
tens"). 

No,  ka ;  ka  ;  kfiwin  (the  radical  is 
kit ;  win  is  an  augmentative  par- 
ticle). 

Nonkoh  hlnnd,  minisinonkon  (^Irs. 
Bolin  explained  this  word  as  sig- 
nifying "  woods  -  all  -  in  -  one-spot 
island:"  minis  means  "island  ;" 


noakon  is  i)robably  from  the  root 
non,  "narrow,  constricted"). 

Noon,  nawa'kwe  ("  it  is  the  middle 
of  the  day  ;  "  the  radical  is  vain, 
"  the  middle,  in  the  middle  ;"  the 
literal  signification  of  the  word  is 
"  it,  the  sun,  is  at  the  middle  ;  " 
-dkice  is  a  predicative  suffix  used 
of  the  "sun"). 

Nose,  nidja'c  ("my  nose;"  the 
radical  is  dj<~tc.  Nipissing  djac 
means  "  museau  "). 

Not,  gago  (probably  a  compound 
of  ka,  "no"). 

Nut  (hazel),  pakanins  (this  is  a  di- 
minutive with  ihe  suffix  -ins, 
fvom  pahU,  "hickory  nut"). 


O. 


Oak  (black),  miiigomic  (this  word 
is  derived  from  miligb  for  mitik, 
"tree,"  and  -ntic,  "shrub;" 
the  acorn  is  miivjomia,  "  wood- 
fruit"). 

Oak  (white),  mi'cimic  ("the  big 
tree;"  ?««'d,  "big,"  and  -inic, 
"tree,  shrub  "). 

Oar,  acalin'djEndk  (this  is  a  deriva- 
tive from  a  more  jirimitive  form 
seen  in  the  Otcipwe  ajeboian  ;  the 
radical  is  a(V',  "backward"  See 
Row.  Compare  Cree  "SSfi)*^,  "il 
va  en  arriere  etant  assis"). 

Oats,  papa'djikoko'ciini'djin  (ml- 
djin  is  radical  signifying  "eat, 
food  ;  "  the  whole  word  literally 
means  "horses'  food"). 

Often,  ninindjim  (Cuoq  attaches  the 
corresponding  Xipissing  nanin- 
gim  to  the  radical  ningim, 
"quickly;"  the  word  is  formed 
by  reduplication). 

Old,  kclc  (used  as  prefix  adjective). 

Old  xDontan,  mindimo'nyi  (etymol- 
ogy?). 


44 


One,  pe'cik  (the  derivation  of  this 
word  is  not  yet  ceitaiu.  Dr.  J.  H. 
Trumbull  compares  with  Otcipwe 
pejig  the  Massachusetts  pasuk, 
"one  onlj',"  and  concludes  that 
this  Algonkian  word  for  "one" 
really  signifies  "a  very  small 
thing"). 

One,  ninggo  (used  with  nouns,  etc.; 
etymology?). 

Otcipwe,  otcipwe  (etymology  ?  See 
below). 

Otter,  nigik  (etymology?). 

Oicl,  kokoko  (of  onomatopa>ic  ori- 
gin). 

Old  (ichite),  wa'bi  kokoko  ("  white 
owl"). 

Ox,  pi'djiki  (etymology?  In  Cree 
pijiskiui  has  the  general  sense  of 
"animal"). 


Fuddle,  abwe  (etymologj'^  ?) 

Faddle  (to),  tcime'n  (see  Canoe). 

Paper,  iiiasi'na'IgEn  (derived  from 
the  radical  mdsina ,  which  signifies 
"painted,  written,"  etc  ;  gEn  is 
suffix  of  agent  instrument  ;  "pa- 
per "  is  "that  on  which  some- 
thing is  written  "). 

ParcJied  rice,  kapi^igsn  (derived 
with  the  suffix  -gEn  from  the  rad- 
ical kupis,  "  fragile  "). 

Partridge,  pine'  (in  some  Algonkian 
dialects  tliis  is  the  word  for 
"bird;"  and  it  is  curious  that 
tlie  Mississaga  word  for  "bird," 
pine'cl  or  bine'cl,  is  a  diminutive 
of  this  radical.  Compare  Cree 
pihyew,  "partridge,"  and  piyesis, 
"bird"). 

Pen,  migwEn  (literally  "  feather  "). 

Pepper,  wKSKkEn  ("  the  bitter 
thing;"  from  the  radical  wese^-, 
"bitter,  piquant"). 


Perch  {fish),  Esfi'wa ;  Esa'wens ; 
Esfi'wis  (etymology?  The  second 
and  third  words  appear  to  have  a 
diminutive  suffix  -ns). 

Pickerel,  oka'. 

Pigeon  (loild),  omi'mi  (etymology?). 

Pike  {fish),  kino'nce  (probably  from 
the  radical  kVnd,  expressing  the 
idea  "long,  pointed."  Lacombe 
derives  WiQ  Qyqq  kinosew,  "fish," 
from  the  root  kin,  "pointed, 
long"). 

Pine,  cinggwak  (etymology?  But 
compare  cinggoj),  "  fir  "). 

Pipe  {tobacco),  opofi'gEn;  opwa'gEQ 
(this  word  is  formed  by  means  of 
the  instrumental  suftix  -gEn  from 
a  radical  pwd,   "  to  smoke  "). 

Plate,  onfi'gEn  {-gEn  is  suffix  of  in- 
strument or  agent). 

Plum,  pakESEn  (etymology?). 

Poi/it  {of  land),  neyici  (from  the 
radical  ne,  "a  point  of  land  "). 

Porcupine,  k-a'-k  ("rough,  bristly." 
Lacombe  derives  the  correspond- 
ing Cree  word  kftkioa  from  the 
radical  kakk,  "  rough,  hard  to  the 
touch  "). 

Portage,  wfi'nigEm  (this  corres- 
ponds, with  vocal  change,  to  Nipis- 
sing  onikam  and  Oici^weonigam). 

Port  Perry,  oda'nE  ("town  "). 

Pot  {stove),  okfi'kik  ;  o'kEtfi'kik 
(Cuoq  derives  the  Nipissing  okcU- 
akik  from  okat,  "his  leg,"  and 
akik,  "kettle;"  the  word  signi- 
fying "  a  pot  with  legs  "). 

Potato,  opin  ;  opi'ni  (this  word  ap- 
pears to  have  been  given  in  various 
Algonkian  dialects  to  other  sub- 
terranean fruits  and  vegetables 
than  the  potato). 

Powder  {gun),  mnkade  (literally, "  it 
is  black  "). 

Powder-horn,  bindEkatewEn  ("tliat 
in  which  powder  is  put  ;  "    from 


45 


hind,  radical  signifying  "  in,"  and 
rrmkatv,  "  powder  ;  "  -n  suflix). 

Prairie,  mEskwaio  (from  tlie  same 
radical,  w^E«^•,  seen  in  Cree  mask- 
utew,  "prairie  ;  "  masknsiy, 
"  grass  ;  "  Nipissing  mackote). 

Pumpkin,  ogwicIoiEn  (etymology?) 


Q. 


Queen,  6'giraa'kwa  ;  o'kima'kwa 
("  female  chief ;"  formed  by  the 
suffix  -kwrt,  "woman,"  from 
d'kimd,  "chief"). 


R. 


Rabbit,  wapus  ;  wfipos  (a  derivative 
from  the  root  Wiib,  "  to  be  white," 
by  reason  of  the  color  of  the  ani- 
mal in  winter  ;  if  -s  represents 
here  a  diminutive  suffix,  then 
wapos  will  be  "the  little  white 
one"). 

Raccoon,  assibF.n  ;  e'ssibEn  (the  ety- 
mology of  this  word  is  not  quite 
certain  ;  ]\Irs.  Jameson  says  there 
is  a  legend  that  the  raccoon  was 
made  from  a  shell  on  the  shore, 
and  that  his  name  signifies  liter- 
ally "he  was  a  shell,"  fromfs,  "a 
shell,"  and -pErt  or  -6e«,  a  suffix 
expressing  what  is  past ;  Caoq, 
however,  says  that  the  word 
means  "the  animal  that  feeds  on 
oysters  ;  "  in  any  case  the  radical 
is  «s,  "shell,  oyster"). 

Rain,  ki'miwEn  ("it  is  raining-  ;  " 
Lacombe  seems  to  derive  the  Cree 
kimiwan  from  the  root  kim,  "en 
secret ;  "  -iCKn  is  predicative  suf- 
fix). 

RainboiD,  o'tEgwa'nibi'isEn  ("the 
coverer  of  the  rain  ;  "  from  o'tEg- 
ird'ni,  "lie  covers  it,"  and  the 
radical  suffix,   -bl'-tSKn,   "rain;" 


the  Indians  believed  that  the 
Great  Si)irit  covered  the  rain  with 
his  mantle). 

Raspberry,  miskwimin  ("blood- 
berry;"  miskm,  "blood,"  and 
7nin,   "  berry  "). 

Rat,  gitci  wri'wribEkwEno'dji("big 
mouse  "). 

Rattle,  cicigwEn  (this  word  contains 
the  sutlix  -icE7i;  the  first  part  is 
probably  onomatopo'ic  and  con- 
nected with  tlie  word  for  rattle- 
snake). 

Rattlesnake,  cicigwe;  cicigwa  (prob- 
ably of  onomatopoeic  origin). 

Raven,  kakaki'  (of  onomatopoeic 
origin). 

Razor,  gackiba'djigEn  (formed.with 
the  instrumental  suffix  -g^n,  from 
the  radical  i/rtcA:,  "to  scrape;"  a 
razor  is  "that  with  which  one 
scrapes  or  shaves."  Nipissing 
kackibas,  "seraser"). 

Red,  miskwa  ("it  is  red;"  the 
words  for  "red"  and  "blood" 
seem  to  come  both  from  the  same 
stem,  misko  or  misk,  "  red  or 
blood -colored  "). 

Redwood,  miskwa'biniic  (this  word 
probably  signifies  "dysentery 
shrub  ;  "  from  miskica  bl,  "bloody 
flux,  dysentery,"  and  -mic, 
"shrub."  According  to  Cuoq 
the  Indians  used  its  bark  to  stop 
the  flow  of  blood"). 

Reindeer  (not  known). 

Ribbon,  scnipEn  (this  word  appears 
to  be  a  borrowed  term ;  Cuoq 
gives  in  Nipissing  deniband  as 
from  French  du  ruban,  and  the 
Mississaga  senipmi  is  probably 
the  same  word  with  s  =  d). 

Rice  (wild),  mEno'min  (the  last 
part  of  this  word  is  tnin,  "fruit, 
grain  ;  "  what  the  first  part  signi- 
fies is  not   certain  ;  perhaps  it  is 


46 


from  the  root  seen  in  Xipissing 
man,  "to  lift,  to  tuke  away,''  in 
reference  to  the  method  of  thresh, 
ing  the  rice  into  the  canoes). 

Rice  (parcJied)  (see  Parched  rice). 

Right  Itiind  (see  Hand). 

Ring  {finger),  tetlbiniadjibiso'n 
(this  word  seems  to  consist  of  the 
radicals  tetib,  "around,  round," 
nind),  "hand,"  and  hlsdn,  "gir- 
dle"). 

Rioer,  sibi ;  sIpT  (i)erhaps  cognate 
■with  the  Cree  radical  sip,  "qui 
s'etend  "). 

Road,  mi'kEn  (etymology?). 

Robin,  opi'tci  (etymology?). 

Rocli,  otci'pik  (ihc  sutlix  radical  -bik, 
dbik  =  "  mineral,  stone,"  etc., 
seems  to  be  contained  in  this 
word). 

Roof,  optikwEn  ("the  cover  of  the 
house  ;  "  from  the  radical  opuk, 
through  the  verb  opukice,  "  to 
cover  a  house,"  with  sufB.x.  The 
Mississaga  word  is  identical  with 
the  Cree  apakkwan  and  Nipissiug 
apakwan,  and  differs  from  the  less 
primitive  apakodjigan  of  the  Ot- 

cipwO)- 
Row  (».),  nind  acebo'yE  ("I  row;" 
the  idea  in  "row"  is  to  "sit 
backwards,"  from  the  radical 
dee,  "back,  backwards;"  the 
■word  literally  signifies  "I  move 
backwards  sitting  "). 


S. 


Salt,  si'ala'veg  (this  is  probably  the 
same  word  as  the  Ni pissing  ci9.€it- 
agan,  which  comes  from  the  radi- 
cal ciw,  "acid,  bitter,  salt"). 

Salmon,  aca'mEk  ;  acawil'mEk  (the 
last  part  of  this  word  is  the  suffix 
radical — I'nnKk,  "fish") 

Sarsaparilla,    oka'dEk     ("his    leg 


root  ;  "  0-  pronoun,  hid  radical  ^= 
"leg,"  -Kk  radical  suHix  signify- 
ing "  w^ood,  tree,  root ;  "  so  called 
from  its  shape). 

Sassafras,  menagwfi'kimic  ("the 
scented  tree  ;  "  literally  "it  gives 
forth  an  odor  shrub;"  from  the 
radical  menam,  "smell,"  through 
W\Q  yc'ch  menagos,  "to  give  forth 
a  smell,"  and  the  suffix  -mic, 
"tree,  shrub."  Compare  Otcipwe 
meruigwad,  "  it  smells  "). 

Saviour,  Our  (Christ),  kitce  mfi'nitu 
(t.  e.,  "God"). 

Screech-owl,  kokoko  (onomatojio'ic). 

Sea,  kitciga'mi'  ;  gigilciga'me  ("big 
water  ;"  kilci,  "big,"  and  -gu'me, 
radical  sutlix  signifv'ing  '■  body  of 
water;"  g'lgitcl  is  reduplicated 
from  kifn  or  gitr'i.     See  Lake). 

See,  ovviTbundEn  ("he  sees  it"). 

Seed,  minikKn  (etymology?). 

Seven,  nicwa'si ;  nicwa'swi  ("two 
more  "  or  "two  -{•  five  ;"  nic, 
"two,"  and  n'swi.    See  Five). 

Seventy,  nicwa'si  mi  a'nE  ("seven 
tens"). 

Shave  (v.),  kackiha'cu  (see  Razor). 

Sheep,  manEla'nic  (Mrs.  Bolin  stated 
that  this  word  meant  "  the  animal 
■whose  hide  is  not  durable,"  or 
"damaged  hide  ;"  the  correspond- 
ing Cree  is  mestjanis) . 

Shirt,  piipEkEwe'-i-En  ("thin skin" 
or  "thin  wearing  ;"  from  the  rad- 
ical jmpKkK,  "thin,"  and  the 
radical  suffix  -ice''%-Kn,  "skin, 
fur"). 

Shoe.  mokESEn  (this  word  has  been 
influenced  by  English  pronuncia- 
tion.    See  Moccasin). 

Shoe,  mi'tikwa'kEsin("  wood-shoe;" 
composed  of  mitig,  "  ■wood,"  and 
mvkEsin  or  mi~>'kKsi/i,  "shoe  "). 

Shool  (v.),  packiiigE  ("he  shoots  ;" 
see  Oun). 


47 


Shot  (n.),  ci'cil)iviiwins  ("little 
duck-ball;"  cicih,  "duck,"  ivnd 
dnwins,  diminutive  of  anui,  "ball 
bullet,  arrow;"  in  Xipissing, 
anwi  means  "arrow"  only,  a 
sense  which  it  has  not  in  Otcipwc. 
The  Toronto  MS.  has  for  "  shot  " 
shissibanoneii). 

Shoulder,  odiDlmanggEn  ("his 
shoulder;"  the  radical  is  Oiiil- 
mangg-Eti.  Cuoq  connects  the 
Nipissing  tinimaagnn  with  the 
r  a  d  i  c a  1  tinigan,  "shoulder- 
blade  "). 

Silter,  wfibiskE  co'nia  ("white 
money  ;"  from  the  stem  tcahiski, 
an  enlargement  of  the  radical 
vdb,  "white,"  and  cd'nia, 
"  money,  silver  "). 

Sisiei;  ni'tikik  ;  r.i'tiirik  ;  ni'liki' 
("ray  sister  ;"  the  radical  \stikik, 
"  sist  er  of  a  woman  " ) . 

Sister  (y oung e )'),  ocVmKyEn  ("his 
sister  ;  "  the  radical  is  ci'mK). 

Sister  (^elder),  nimissKu  ("my  sis- 
ter ;"  the  radical  is  mmE). 

Sister-in-law,  ninim  ("my  sister-in- 
law  ;  "  the  radical  is  nim). 

Six,  ningo'twas  ("one -|-  five;"  nin- 
gb't,  d^icl). 

Sixty,  ningotwasi  mita'nE  ("  six 
tens"). 

Skugog  island,  minis  ("  island  "). 

Skugog  lake,  pidjo'gEn  sku'EgogC?). 

Skunk,  cikog  ("  the  urinator;"  from 
the  radical  cik,  "  to  urinate"). 

Sky,  gi'cik  ;  ki'ziku  (etymology  ? 
In  Nipissing,  A'/j'/X- signifies  "  day" 
only). 

Sleep  (v.),  nipfi'. 

Sleigh,  ci'boggEn  (origin?). 

Sleigh,  ota'bKu  ("that  on  which 
something  is  drawn  or  transport- 
ed ;"  from  the  radical  ota'bv:,  "to 
carry,  to  transport "). 

Small,  Ekfi'sin  ("  it  is  small  ;"  from 
the  radical— k/.v7's,  "  small  "). 


Smoke  (v.),  kikfi'maiiu'te  ("it 
smokes  " ). 

Snake,  kine'pik  (from  the  radical 
kin,  "long,  pointed  "). 

Snaki'  (greeii),  osawaskogine'hikons 
("  little  green  snake  ;"  -ons  is  di- 
minutive). 

Snoir,  kun. 

Snow  (v.),  so'gipo  ("it  snows;" 
properly  "  to  fall  in  flakes  ;"  from 
the  radical  so'k't,  "  much,  in  a 
heap,  numerously,"  and  the  rad- 
ical sufilx  -po,  "  to  snow  "). 

Snoirshoe,  a'kim  ;  agim  (etymol- 
ogy ''.)■ 

Soft,  no'ka  ("it  is  soft"). 

Soldier,  cima'gKuic  (derivative  of 
clmi'i'gKn,  "lance,  spear"). 

Son,  ningwls  ("  my  son  ;"  the  radi- 
cal is  g/ris). 

Son  (adopted),  ningwissikE  ("my 
adopted  son  "). 

Son-in-law,  iiiningwEn  ("my  son- 
in-law  ;"  the  radical  is  ningwEn). 

Speak,  ki'kiio  ("he  speaks  "). 

Spear,  onit  (etymology?). 

Spider,  Ef-a'pIka'Eci  ("the  net- 
maker;"  through  the  verb  E.«a'- 
ptka,  "to  make  a  net;"  from 
the  radical  Esa'p,  "  a  net  "). 

Spirit  (ghost),  6'tciica'g  ("his 
spirit  ;"  the  radical  is  tn'tci'ig). 

Spirit  (bad),  ma'djiotcitca'g  (mil'dji 
=■-  "  bad  "). 

Spirit,  evil  (devil),  madji  munidu  ; 
matcT  ma'nitu. 

Spirit,  holy  (Holy  Ohost),  gitci  o't- 
cltcag  (gitci  =  "  great  "). 

Spoon,  EmikwEn  (etymology?). 

Spring  (irell),  tEkib  (probably  from 
the  radical  tv.kvi  or  tv.ki,  "cool, 
cold,"  in  reference  to  the  temper- 
ature of  the  water). 

Spring  (season),  mino'kami  ;  miuo'- 
kEmi  (literally  "the  water  is 
good  [for  navigating]  ;"  from 
the   radical    mlno,    "good,"   and 


48 


the  radical  suflix  kdm'i  or  ktml, 
•'  water  "). 

Spring  (last),  mino'kaming  (-ng  = 
"last"). 

Spruce,  kawa'ndak  ("  the  tree  with 
narrow,  pointed  leaves ;"  from 
the  radical  kit,  "sharp,  prickl}^ 
pointed,''  and  the  radical  suflix 
a'ndak,  which  denotes  tiie  foliage 
of  evergreen  trees). 

Squirrel,  atci'tanion  ;  a  t  c  i'  t  a  m  o 
(Cnocj  derives  the  Nipissing  atcit- 
arno  from  (ttcit,  "  head  first,"  and 
-am,  relating  to  the  "mouth;" 
the  animal  is  so  named  from  the 
way  in  which  lie  descends  trees, 

etc. )• 

Star,  anang  ;  anaagki  (signification 
of  -ki  is  uncertain). 

Steer  (v.),  ota'ki-:. 

Step  (v.),  tEkwKki  ;  tnkwfzk  ("he 
steps  "). 

Stick  (for  threshing  rice),  pawEg- 
milik  (from  the  radical  pain^-n, 
"to  thrash  or  beat  with  a  stick," 
and  miiik,  "stick  "). 

Stick,  mi'tik  ;  niitig. 

Storking,  cibignomita's  ("long  leg- 
gings ;"  from  the  radical  rib, 
"long,"  and  mltd's,  "leg- 
ging")- 

Stone,  assen  ;  assi'n  ;  asi'n  (the 
Cree  assiniy,  "stone,"  seems  to 
be  cognate  with  assan,  "  dur, 
solide"). 

Stove,  pi  wa'bikisikKn ( from ^)? tri'i'bik, 
"  iron, "and  kisikMu,  "warmer  "). 

Strawberry,  ote'min  ("his  heart 
fruit,"  0,  te,  miti ;  from  its 
siiape). 

Sturgeon,  name'  (in  some  dialects 
this  word  means  "  fish  "). 

Sucker  (fish),  uame'pin  (a  deriva- 
tive from  nam?',  which  in  some 
dialects  signifies  "  fish  '"). 

Sugar,  sisiba'kwEt  (see  Maplesugar. 


Cuoq,    however,    connects    Cree 
sisipaskirat  with  sinib,  "duck"). 

Sugar,  sicapa'wa  (the  preceding 
word  was  thus  imperfectly  pro- 
nounced by  one  Indian). 

Sumach,  pakwKiiimic  ("the  tree 
that  bears  llie  pd'kwEfi ;  -mie, 
"tree,  shrub   '). 

Sumach  -fruit,  pakwi:a  (etymol- 
ogy ''■)■ 

Summer,  ni'pin  (etymology?). 

Summer  (last),  ni'binong  (-ong  = 
"last"). 

Sun,  ki'zis  (etymology?). 

Sunday,  animi'i-:  gi'cikEt  ( "  w'orship 
day"). 

Sunfish,  okvvKta'ci  (etymology?). 

Sirallotr  (bird),  sasi'nibiciag  (ety- 
mology?). 

Swamp,  niEskeg  (etymology?). 

Swan,  wabi'?!  ("the  white  bird;" 
from  the  radical  wfib,  "while,  to 
be  white,  "and  the  radical  suftix 
■si,  "bird"). 

Swim  (v.),  pima'takp:  (from  the  rad- 
ical pim,  used  as  a  prefix  in  cer- 
tain verbs  of  movement,  and  the 
radical  suflix  d'takK,  "to  move 
througli  the  water,  to  swim  "). 


Take  («.),  iiind  oda'pinK  ("I  take 
it;"  the  radical  is  odd' pin, 
"take"). 

Tallow  (deer's),  maskKwa'dji  pi'- 
mitE  ("frozen  grease  ;"  the  rad- 
ical of  the  first  component  is 
rndska,  "hard,  stiff"). 

Tamarack,  mKskegwa'tik  ("swamp 
tree;"  from  mKskeg,  "swamp," 
and  the  radical  suffix  -d'tik,  -wd'- 
tik,  "plant"). 

Teacher,  kiki'uuEnama'kE  ("he 
teaches  "). 


49 


Teetli,  niwi'Ijitii  ("my  leolh  ;  "  (lie 
radical  is  bit;  literally"!  have 
teeth"). 

Tea,  miia'sl;  miiaswT. 

Thank  yon,  uiinvvKlc. 

That  one,  Iiii.u. 

There,  luiawo'I. 

Thimble  berry,  orla'taka'gomin  (etj*- 
mology?     -?«///=="  berry  "). 

Thirty,  nl'simila'iiE  ("three tens  "). 

Thread,  sasEbKb  (see  Xet). 

Three,  ni'swi. 

Thunder,  anEmi'ki  (etymology?). 

Ihunder  bird,  (\  n  i;  in  i  k  I  pine'ci 
("thunder  bird  "). 

Tin,  wfi'liabik  ("white  metal;" 
from  the  radical  w<'ib,"vi\\\le,"  and 
the  radical  sufhx  -d'bik,  "  metal, 
mineral."  Compare  French /e?-- 
bla}ic). 

Toad,  omukEki  ("frog");  papTgo- 
miikEki  (Mrs.  Bolin  said  this 
word  signified  "rough  frog;" 
Cuoq,  however,  derives  the  cor- 
responding Nipissing  paj^ikoma- 
kaki  from  papik,  "flea,"  makaki, 
"frog;"  the  Cree  pipikwatetteir, 
"toad,"  which  Lacombe  connects 
"with  pipikusitr,  "it  is  rough," 
seems  to  favor  the  former  ety- 
mology). 

Tobacco,  se'mE. 

To-day,  n6ug6m  gi'cikEt  ("now 
day;"  nongom,  "now,"  from 
radical  nonrj ;  gVclkv.t,  "day." 
Compare  English  "nowa- 
days"). 

Toes,  ui'bin6kwEnisEtEn  (literally 
"the  series  of  daughters  of  the 
foot;"  the  first  component  of 
this  word  is  the  radical  nl'binK, 
"in  a  row,  in  succession;"  the 
last,  SE/E/i  =  N  i  p  i  s  s  i  n  g  siian, 
"toe,"  from  sit,  "foot;"  Kn  = 
Nipissing  an,  "daughter"). 

Tomorrow,  wa'bunk   (a  derivative 


from  iril'bKn,  "it  is  daj', "which 
comes  from  the  root  wi'ib, 
"light"). 

To-morrow mominrj,  wabiinki gl'cEp 
(g'lcep  =  ' '  morn  i  n  g  " ) . 

Tongue, Din(\E.au,' am  ("my  tongue;" 
the  radical  is  dv.nfi'n'iii). 

Torch,  waswa'gEn  (derived  by  the 
instrumental  suffix  -gvji  from  the 
radical  waswa,  "to  tish  by  the 
light  of  a  torch  "). 

Toronto,  g  i  t  c  e  6  d  fi'  n  e  ( "  big 
town  "). 

Totem,  odo'dEm  ("his  totem  ;"  the 
radical  is  o'dFjn.  Schoolcraft 
connected  this  word  with  the  root 
seen  in  Otcipwe  odena,  "village, 
town;"  Dr.  .T.  H.  Trumbull 
thinks  it  is  from  the  verb  "to 
have;"  in  Oici{>v;(t  oduhyann,  "he 
has;"  Massachusetts  oht-au,  "he 
has;"  neither  of  these  etymolo- 
gies is  very  satisfactory.  Cuoq 
seeks  to  connect  ote  with  te, 
"heart"). 

Trap  {for  killing  animals),  dasomx'- 
gEn  {-gvji  is  instrumental  suffix  ; 
the  radical  is  ddsona,  "to  catch 
in  a  trap  "). 

Tree  (no  word  in  use  to  express  the 
general  idea ;  one  Indian,  how- 
ever, used  mttig). 

Tree'  (species?),  likakwo'nic  (ety- 
mology?). 

Tree-frog,  gi'kibingwakwa  (et3'mol. 
ogy  ?). 

Tribal  name,  Mississu'ge  ;  Misita'ge 
(see  below). 

Trolling  line,  uda'djiko'kEn  (-kKn 
is  instrumental  suffix  ;  the  verb 
odiVdjlkokK,  "to  fish  with  a  hook 
and  line,"  may  be  connected 
with  the  radical  verb  ^r^'^E,  "to 
draw,  to  pull."  See  Fishing  line). 

Trout,  name'gfis  (a  derivative  from 
the  radical  nil  mi''.    See  Sturgeon). 


50 


Trunk  (box),  nil'iif^wac  (from  mlti;/, 
"wood,"'  and  irnr,  radical,  sigai- 
fyini>;  "cavity,  hollow."  See 
Frenchman) . 

Turkey  (tame  or  wild),  misi'sE  ( "  the 
great  bird;"  from  the  radical 
misi,  "greal,"  and  the  radical 
suffix  -SK,  "  bird  "). 

Turnip,  tcis  (perhaps  "pointed"). 

Twenty,  nicta'nK  ("  two  tens  "). 

Two,  nic. 


U. 


Urjly,  wi'nKt  ("  it  is  dirty  ;  "  from 
the  radical  w'm,  "dirty"). 

Uncle,  nicice  ("my  mother's 
brother  ;  "  the  radical  is  cVce). 

Utich,  nimicomin  ("my  father's 
brother  ;"  the  radical  is  micdmin). 


Valley,  wa'nati'nE  (literally  "the 
mountain  is  hollow;"  from  the 
radical  wiin,  "hollow,"  and  the 
radical  suffix  -dtin). 

Villa(je,  oda'nons  (diminutive,  by 
the  suffix  -ons,  of  d(ld'7iK, 
"town  "). 

W. 

Wafjon,  titibi'sE  ("it  rolls;"  from 
the  radical  titib,  "round, 
around  "'). 

Wagon,  ota'bEn  ;  o  d  a'  b  k  n  (see 
SltigJi). 

Walk  (i\),  pimu'sE  (from  pirn,  a 
verbal  prefix,  and  the  radical  suf- 
fix -usK,  "  to  go  on  foot  "). 

Wampum,  migis. 

Want  (v.),  niwidjE  ("I  desire;" 
the  radical  is  icidj). 

War,  miga'tiwin  ("fighting;" 
formed,  with  the  abstract  suffix 


-(l')win,  from  the  radical  mlgd, 
which  expresses  the  idea,  "to 
fight"). 

War-club,  pikwJi'kwKto'pakamEgEn 
("ball  club;"  from  pikiri'i'kicKt, 
"  ball,"  and  jyakdrnKgEn,  "club  ;" 
this  last,  as  Cree  pakahamnw,  "  he 
strilvcs, "  shows,  is  from  root;>a^a, 
"to  strike,"  with  suffix  -gKn). 

War-hatchet,  t  c  i  k  a  m  i  k  w  e  a  (see 
Hatchet). 

Warm,  gico'tE  ("the  weather  is 
warm;"  from  the  radical  gic, 
"warm  "). 

Warrior,  migii'sowinrnl  ("war 
man  "). 

Wash  (v.),  gi'sibigE -ik  E  ("he 
washes  "). 

Wasp,  fimo  (etymology?). 

Watch,  tibK-igi'ziswEu  ("sun  meas- 
urer ;"  from  the  radicals  <»6e,  ex- 
pressing the  idea  of  "measure," 
and  gVzis,  "sun;"  -ic^n  is  suf- 
fix). 

Water,  nipi. 

Waterfall,  kakabi'kEii  (from  kdka- 
b'l'kK,  "a  perpendicular  cliff  or 
rock,"  which  from  the  radical 
kaka  or  kak,  "angular  "). 

WcUer  lily,  okita'bEk  (etj'mology?). 

Wave  (n.),  ti'kowEk  ("waves;" 
-E^  is  plural  suffix). 

TFiax,  a'mopi'mitE  ("bee  grease"). 

Weasel,  cingus  (perhaps  -its  is  di- 
minutive). 

Week,  n-g6t:1'sigi'cIkEt  ("six days;" 
ngo't  or  ningdt,  d'8l  =  ct'8icl,  gi'- 
clkKt ;  Sunday  not  included). 

Wheel,  tilibi'SE  (see  Wagon). 

Well  (spring),  tEkib  (see  Spring). 

West,  apEngicimuk  ("towards  the 
sunset;"  a-  locative  prefix;  pvM- 
giclmb,  "  the  sun  sets,"  Irom  the 
radical  pKngi'cin,  "to  fall  ;"  -k, 
suffix). 

What?    aninginE  ;   aningginE    (the 


51 


existence  of  the  Nipissing  aain, 
engi  seems  to  make  it  probable 
that  the  Mississaga  word  lias  suf- 
fered from  metathesis). 

What?  ani'n? 

Wheat,  pakwe'cikKnKck  ("bread 
herb;"  pakire'c'tkv.n,  "bread," 
and  -v.ck,  radical  sufHx,  signifying 
"herb,  plant "). 

When,  opi'lKC  ;  u'pi'dKC  (from  dpi, 
"when,"  and  tv.c,  "and  ;"  prop- 
erly =  "and  when,"  used  in  nar- 
ration). 

Where?  anindi  (from  an'in,  "what," 
and  the  radical  suffix,  '/i, "place, 
spot"). 

Whisky,  icku'dewa'pu  ;  ickii'tewa'- 
bo  ("  fire  liquid  ;"  icku'te,  "  fire," 
and  -ica'bd,  radical  suffix  ^  "  liq- 
uid "). 

Whistle  («.),  kwickwie  (onomato- 
pfl?ic). 

White,  wupickE  ("it  is  white  ;"  a 
derivative  from  the  radical  icab, 
"white"). 

Whitefisli,  atikamek  ("caribou- 
fish;"  atik,  "deer,"  and  -amik, 
radical  suffix  =  "fish "). 

W7iite  man,  cii'gEnac  (Cuoq  derives 
the  Algonkian  variants  of  this 
word  all  from  French  anglais: 
he  states  that  the  earlier  form  of 
the  Nipissing  aganeca  was  angal- 
eca). 

Wick  (see  Lampirick). 

Wife,  oraintEmu'-Enic  ("his wife  ;" 
literally  "his  bad  old  woman  ;" 
0-,  possessive  prefix;  7nintKm<yiK, 
"old  woman,"  and  -(V,  pejorative 
suffix). 

Wildcat,  piju'  ;  piciu'  (etymology?). 

Wild  currants  {black)  (see  Cur- 
rants). 

Wild  goose,  nika,'  (etymology"?). 

Wind,  no'din  ("  it  blows  "). 

Wind  (east),    wtl'bEnino'diu  (from 


icd'bKn,  "east,"  and  no'din, 
"wind"). 

Wind  (north),  kiwe'din  ("the  home 
wind;"  from  the  radical  klir,', 
"to  turn,  to  return  home,"  and 
no'din,  "  wind  "). 

Trz«'/(«OM^/0.cawEninodin(from  the 
radicals  caicKn,  "south,"  and 
no'din,  "  wind  "). 

Wind(irest),  ninka'beEnnu'din  (nin- 
ki'i'beKn,  "west,"  and  no'din, 
"wind"). 

Window,  wasiT'dJEkEn  ("that  by 
which  the  light  comes  in  ;  "  from 
(rasadjv.,  "it  is  light,"  and  the 
instrumental  suffix  -kFji). 

Wine,  miskwfi'gamik  ("the  red 
liquid;"  from  misktra,  "it  is 
red, "  and  the  radical  suffix  n'gaini, 
"  liquid,  liquor  "). 

Wing,  oniQgwi'kEnE  ("he  has 
wings  ;"  the  radical  x^dningtcikv.n, 
"wing,"  which  comes  from  the 
root  ningm,  "  armpit,"  according 
to  Cuoq). 

Winter,  pipo'n  ;  pTpo'En. 

Winter  {last),  pipo  nong  {-ong,  suf- 
fix ="  last"). 

Wire,  piwfi'bikons  (a  diminutive  by 
the  suffix  -071S  from  inicabik, 
"iron  ;  "   "liitle  iron  "). 

Wolf,  ma-inggEu  (the  etymology 
of  this  word  is  not  yet  known  ; 
perhaps  it  signifies  "  thetearer  "). 

Woman,  ekwa  ;  ekwa' (etymology?). 

Woman  {old),  mindimo'nyi  (ety- 
mology?). 

Wood  (stick),  milig,  mitik. 

Wood  (fire-),  mici. 

Woodpecker  {species?),  papassE  (on- 
omatopceic?). 

Wool,  manKla'nicu'biwa'i  ("the 
sheep  his  hair  ;"  bl'ical,  radical  = 
"  hair,  pilus  "). 

Worms  (earth),  cigEna'usuk  (-?/i'  is 
plural  suffix). 


52 


Worms    (tape),    okasa'gimiik  (-i/k, 

plural  suffix). 
Write,   nincl   ocipiEn    ("I  write;" 

from  the  radical  del,  "lo  make  ;  " 

literally,    "I   make  marks   upon 

something  "). 


Yarn,  owu'tuk  ;  owa'tug  (etymol- 
ogy •)• 

Year,  pIpo'Eu  ("winter"). 

Yeast,  umbisigi'kEii  (from  the  radi- 
cal seen  in  Otcipwe  ombisse,  "  I 
fly  up  in  the  air  ;"  ombishka,  "I 
rise  on  high  ;"  whence  oinbissit- 
cMgan,  "yeast  "). 

Yellow,  osfi'wE  ("  it  is  yellow  "). 


Yes,  e  ;  e. 

Yesterday,  pitcina'go  (composed  of 
the  radicals  jiifn  and  -ond'go,  the 
last  signifying  "past;"  pilc'i, 
perhaps,  means  "distant"). 

Yesterday  (the  day  before),  kltcE 
EWESEnfi'go  (this  word  prol)ably 
signifies  the  "day  before  the  day 
before  yesterday,  big  yesterday ;" 
kili'K, "  big, "  EWKS; ' '  far  off,  "and 
-ona'gd,  "past "). 

You.,  ki. 

Young  girl,  ockinekwa  (from  the 
radical  sock,  "young,  new,"  and 
<'k)cd,  "  woman  "). 

Yoitng  man,  ockiua'we  (from  the 
radical  ock,  "new,"  and  suffix 
-a' we). 


Mythological  Texts. 

Much  of  the  old  mythology  of  the  Mississagas  is  now  forgotten  (see 
Journ.  of  Amcr.  Folk-Lore,  ii,  141-147;  iii,  149-154).  Still  there  are  a 
few  amongst  them  who  remember  something  of  the  lore  of  their  people 
in  former  days  and  are  willing  to  tell  it,  though  there  appears  to  exist  a 
prejudice  against  bringing  up  again  the  reminiscences  of  the  old  heathen 
times.  Mrs.  Bolin  is  regarded  as  the  wisest  of  the  Indians  in  the  matter 
of  the  history  of  her  jieople  and  their  beliefs  in  the  past,  and  from  her 
the  greater  part  of  the  information  here  recorded  was  obtained. 

A. — Of  the  great  deluge  legend  the  writer  was  able  to  secure  but  a 
fragment:  "When  there  was  a  flood  on  the  earth  Waniboju'  gathered 
together  the  animals.  He  got  into  his  boat  and  then  he  sent  down  the 
muskrat.  The  muskrat  dived  and  then  he  brought  up  some  earth  in  his 
claws." 

The  occurrence  of  the  "canoe  "  instead  of  the  "  raft "  (which  is  more 
usual  in  this  Algonkian  myth)  is  noteworthy. 

B. — Another  fragment  tells  of  the  ten  men  who  went  to  visit  Wani- 
boju' in  the  land  of  the  sun-down.  When  they  reached  it,  after  many 
days'  journeying,  they  found  the  game  so  plentiful  that  the  porcupines 
were  crawling  over  Waniboju'. 

At  Skijgog  the  name  of  the  Algonkian  hero,  variously  known  as  Nani- 
boju,  Nanabush,  Manabush,  etc.,  is  pronounced  AVaniboju'. 

C. — A  very  brief  legend  relates  that  the  "fox-bird,"  known  in  Missis- 
saga  as  a'ni&k,  was  formerly  a  little  girl  who  lost  herself  in  the  woods  and 
became  a  bird. 

D. — Some  animal   myths   and   beast    ftibles  are  still  remembered  at 


53 

Skugog.  One  of  llicsc,  relating  to  the  liabbit,  the  Frog  and  the  Moose, 
is  as  follows  :  * 

"The  Rabbit  and  the  Frog  'clubbed  together'  to  kill  the  Moose,  and 
they  did  kill  him.  First  the  Frog  tracked  him  and  came  to  tell  the 
Rabbit  the  prospects.  lie  said  :  '  It  was  something  very  mysterious  ;  he 
steps  on  every  other  hill.'  Tlien  the  two  went  out  together  and  killed 
the  Moose,  and  they  gathered  the  blood.  Then  the  Rabbit  asked  the 
Frog  what  he  would  do  if  the  'enemy'  (the  Wolf)  came  along.  '  Oh  ! ' 
said  he,  '  I  would  cut  a  hole  in  the  vessel  in  which  the  blood  is,  and, 
when  it  runs  out,  crawl  into  the  ground.'  " 

In  this  curious  myth  the  wolf  is  not  called  by  his  usual  name  (mamg- 
gEn),  but  is  evidently  given  a  figurative  one,  the  signification  of  which 
Mrs.  Bolin  did  not  clearly  comprehend.  She  said  the  first  part  of  the 
word  (mi'giskEnitE)  meant  "a  fish-hook,"  while  tlie  last  signified  "a 
living  animal."  In  some  other  animal  myths  the  wolf  is  known  as  "the 
enemy."  "The  frog  is  mighty  clever,"  said  ^Irs.  Bolin  ;  "he  crawls  in 
and  hides  himself  wherever  there  is  moisture."  So  when  the  blood  was 
spilt  the  frog  would  disappear  into  the  ground. 

E.  The  Raccoon  and  the  Crnicfish. — "The  Raccoon  was  very  fond  of 
Crawfish,  so  he  disguised  himself  to  deceive  them.  He  lay  down  on  the 
lake  shore  and  let  his  tail  and  hindquarters  into  the  water.  By  and  b}^  a 
Crawfish  came  and  pinched  him  to  see  if  he  were  dead,  which  the  Rac- 
coon pretended  to  be,  and  didn't  mind  the  pinches  he  got.  The  Crawfish 
then  went  away  and  told  the  other  crawfish  that  he  had  found  the  Rac- 
coon that  had  '  chewed  '  so  many  of  them  last  summer.  So  more  of  them 
came  and  pinched  the  Raccoon  and  were  very  glad  that  their  enemy  was 
dead.  But  by  and  by,  when  a  large  number  of  crawfish  had  gathered 
round  him,  the  Raccoon  suddenly  jumped  up  and  caught  them  and  had 
a  great  feast.  Soon  afterwards  the  Raccoon  came  across  the  Wolf.  He 
wrapped  up  some  of  his  own  excrement  very  neatly  and  said  to  the 
Wolf:  'Here  is  something  nice!'  and  the  Wolf  ate  it.  Then  the  Rac- 
coon said  to  the  Wolf,  'Mawe  !  you  ate  ray  excremen;  !  '  At  first  the 
Wolf  did  not  understand  him,  and  the  Raccoon  said  again,  'Mawe  !  you 
ate  my  excrement.  I  gave  it  you  wrapped  up.'  Then  the  Wolf  was  very 
angry  and  he  killed  the  Raccoon." 

In  this  story  also  the  wolf  is  called  by  another  name  than  that  usuallj- 
given  him.  The  fact  that  some  of  the  characters  in  these  animal  stories 
bear  names  that  are  now  entirely  obsolete  in  common  speech,  seems  to 
argue  for  them  a  considerable  antiquity. 

At  Skugog,  Waniboju'  is  sometimes  confounded  with  Wamlcludjakl- 
wansl  ("the  great-grandfather,"  as  he  is  often  termed).  Of  the  latter  the 
following  brief  legends  were  told  by  Mrs.  Bolin  : 

F.  Why  Foxes  have  Black  Legs. — "WamTcifuljakTwansI  did  not  like  his 
son-in-law.     One  day  they  were  out  hunting  together,  and,  when  they 

*The  English  versions  are  in  the  narrator's  own  words  with  a  very  few  grammatical 
changes  necessary  for  the  sense.    The  Indian  versions  will  be  found  below. 
5 


54 

camped,  placed  tlicir  leggings  and  moccasins  by  the  fire  to  dry.  "\V. 
changed  the  places  of  the  moccasins  and  leggings.  Alterwaids  he  threw 
what  he  thought  were  his  son's  moccasins  and  leggings  into  the  fire.  In  the 
morning  the  young  man  rose,  found  his  own  moccasins  and  put  them  on. 
W.  tried  to  make  out  that  they  were  his,  but  he  had  forgotten  that  he  had 
changed  the  places  of  the  moccasins  before  he  burned  what  he  thought 
were  his  son's.  So  W.  was  forced  to  go  l)arefi)oted  and  barelegged.  He 
then  blackened  his  legs  and  feet  with  a  coal,  and  thus  the  foxes  have 
black  legs  to  this  day." 

O.  Another  legend  of  Wamiciruljaklwansi,  current  at  Skugog,  tells 
how  he  abandoned  his  son-in-law  on  an  island  : 

"W.  hated  his  son-in-law.  One  day  he  went  with  him  to  u  little  island, 
and  abandoned  him  there.  AV.  then  went  oil' in  his  canoe,  which  he  used 
to  make  go  without  paddling,  lie  would  lie  upon  his  back  in  the  boat 
and  tap  the  crosspieces  with  his  hands,  making  a  noise  like  pan  1  pan  ! 
and  the  boat  would  go  right  along.  Meanwhile  the  son-in-law  had 
changed  himself  into  a  gull,  and,  flying  over  the  canoe,  dropped  some  of 
his  excrement  on  W.  's  breast.  Then  W.  said,  '  That's  the  way  the  young 
gulls  do  when  they  have  their  bellies  full,'  and  went  on  in  his  canoe.  In 
the  meantime  his  son-in-law  made  haste  and  got  home  before  him.  When 
W.  arrived  and  saw  his  son-in  law  there  he  was  much  astonished  ;  he 
kept  looking  and  looking  at  him  and  wiien  asked  why  he  was  doing  so, 
gave  soine  excuse  or  other." 

n.  Another  character  who  figures  in  Mississaga  legend  is  AssKiiio'kEn, 
"the  tobacco-maker,"  of  whom  tlie  following  story  was  related  by  Mrs. 
Bolin  : 

"Long  ago  there  lived  two  brothers;  one  of  them  was  a  hunter,  the 
other  was  AssEuio'kKu  who  always  stayed  in  camp  and  did  no  hunting. 
One  day  AssEmo'ki-m  thought  he  would  go  away  on  a  journey  some- 
where or  other,  and  he  meant  to  tell  his  brother  so  when  he  returned  from 
hunting,  but  forgot  about  it.  He  forgot  it  in  this  way  two  or  three  times. 
Finally  he  said:  'I'll  keep  saying,  Gaina'dji;!  gama'dJK!'  (I'm  going  ! 
I'm  going  !)  'over  and  over  again  until  my  brother  comes.'  So  he  did 
this  a  long  time.  When  his  brother  arrived  he  heard  some  one  saying, 
'Gama'dJE  !  gama'djE  ! '  He;  tlien  saw  his  brother  who  told  him  he  was 
going  away.  'Wliat  do  you  mean?'  said  he  to  AssEnio'kKn.  'You 
would  not  go  very  far  before  you  would  meet  with  something  to  lead  you 
astray.'  '  Well  !  I'm  going  anyway,'  said  AssEmo'kEn,  and  he  went  off. 
Before  long  he  heard  a  noise — the  noise  of  trees  rubbing  against  one 
another.  He  thought  it  very  nice,  and  said  :  '  I  want  to  be  that,  let  me 
have  that  !'  But  the  tree  said  :  '  Oli  no  !  I  am  not  comfortable,  it  is  a  bad 
place  to  be  in.'  For  whenever  the  wind  came  on,  the  tree  had  to  squeak 
and  make  a  noise,  i-iii  !  i-Iu  !  But  AssEmo'kEn  would  have  it  and  took 
the  place  of  the  tree.  So  the  tree  lay  on  AssF.mo'kEn's  breast,  and  when 
the  wind  came  he  had  to  cry  out  for  the  pain  he  felt.     But  his  brother 


55 

knew  all  about  it  soon  and  fame  after  him.  '  It's  just  as  I  told  you,'  said 
he  to  AssEnuVlvKn,  and  released  him. 

"  AssEmO'kEn  went  on  again.  Soon  he  came  to  a  river,  where  he  saw  a 
stick  on  end  in  the  mud,  moving  about  with  the  current  and  making  a 
noise.  lie  thougiit  thai  was  nice,  too,  and  so  he  took  the  place  of  the 
stick.  His  brother  had  to  follow  after  him  and  take  him  out,  but  told  him 
he  would  not  help  him  again. 

"AssEmo'kEn  then  went  on  furlhcr  and  came  to  a  village.  Here  all 
the  people  were  dead  except  two  children — a  little  boy  and  a  lit: le  girl. 
AssEnio'kEu  asked  what  had  happened  to  the  people  who  were  dead. 
The  children,  who  were  lamenting,  told  him  that  a  wicked  old  woman 
and  her  daughter  had  killed  them.  The  way  she  killed  them  was  this. 
She  had  asked  them  to  get  for  her  the  wliite  loon  that  dwelt  in  the  middle 
of  the  sea.  Not  one  of  them  was  able  to  do  this,  so  she  killed  them  one 
after  the  other.  The  children  told  AssEmo'kEn  that  the  old  woman  would 
come  back  to  set  them  the  same  task,  and  that  they  would  have  to  die 
also.  But  AssEmo'kEn  caught  the  white  loon  and  gave  it  to  the  children. 
He  told  Ihem  to  show  it  to  the  old  woman  when  she  came,  and  to  ask  her, 
if  she  were  able,  to  get  the  chipmunk's  horn,  to  obtain  which  it  was  neces- 
sary to  go  to  the  end  of  the  earth.  The  old  woman  came  and  the  chil- 
dren showed  her  the  white  loon,  at  which  she  was  greatly  surprised,  and 
said  that  it  must  have  got  there  itself.  They  then  asked  her  to  get  the 
chipmunk's  horn.  'Oh  !  oh  !  you  talk  old-fasliioned,'  she  said,  and  threw 
down  some  deer's  horns,  pretending  that  they  were  what  was  required. 
A.'i  she  could  not  perform  the  task  AssEmo'kEn  killed  her.  He  then 
made  a  little  bow  and  arrows  for  the  boy,  and  told  him  to  shoot  up  in  the 
air  and  tell  the  dead  people  to  rise.  He  shot  into  the  air  three  times,  and 
each  time  he  said  :  'Get  up  1  the  arrow  is  going  to  fall  on  j'ou  ! '  The  first 
time  he  shot  the  arrow  into  the  air,  the  people  stirred  a  little  and  began 
to  gape,  and  after  the  third  time  they  rose  up." 

Texts  of  Mississaga  Legends. 

A.  Fragment  of  Deluge  Legend. — Opi'dEc  kim6cka6uk  Mu  a'kl  ogima- 
wEndjiEn  wanibojii'  awe'ssIa'En.  KibdsIa'Ed  ima'En  otclmu'ning  mi- 
tEc  kipaki'tiuEt  ini-ifi  wfuljackwEn  wadjack  kikwEk  mUEC  krbltEd  a'kl 
ouiudjig. 

B.  Fragment  of  the  Story  of  the  Ten  Men  Who  Visited  Ndnlboju. — Kim- 
adjEwug  mitaswi  ininivvEg  apEnglcIniEk  o'kiotlsEWEU  kIbatiyi'nEt  anda- 
WEndjiga'wEn  migkd  ima'En  papamo'sRUEt  octigvvaning  wanibqju'. 

C.  Origin  of  the  Fox  bird — Me''nwice  ekwa'seus  gi'wEn'niciu  mi'ti- 
gwadJEkwE  milEc  kl'-aniikowEt. 

D.  'The  Babbit,  (he  Frog  and  the  Moose. — OmiikEki'dEC  kl'witagEnin 
wabfi'son.  Mili':e  niniikEki  kl'bapamfi'sEd  niulKc  pEtagucing-  winta- 
mawEd  iniiu  wab^'^on.  Manitu  neme'  Eg  I  a'yEwasiutin  tiikwEk'. 
Midiic  kinissawEd  mu'sou.     AnlnggiuE  kihldjilcigadjE  pi'djipa'itawEd 


5G 

nifgiskKiiilE  ka'siwEk?     Dabackfi'EJi  ki'miskwa'prninEii  midEC  imu'En 
kanitEnlssiyri'npEn. 

E.  The  Raccoon  and  the  Craicjish. — AssibEntEC  gri'ca  ima'Eii  di'li- 
pa'-afi  kiawi'ka-wiciniEt.  MkIkc  win  acEga'ci  midEC  ki'siudEkwa'wEd. 
Ka'windiic  ki'mamadjiissi.  Ni'binung  ki'caca'kwa-mina'gopEii  iiiugi- 
mi'kawa'.  AssibEu  ni'iiindji'biwa'E  ;  assibEn  dji'bicka'E  midEC  ki'wa- 
nickEd  ;  kaui'gi  kEkitiiiE  kiia'uEWEd.  ^MkIec  kl'naglckawEd  mfring- 
gEiiEii.  Ma'we  !  nimfi  kimi'djin  I  gi'wiwEkwC-'nung  wi'ryasgitwi'bEuin. 
Wai !  Avai  I  nimu  kimi'djin  !  MidEc  kini'sin. 

F.  Why  Foxes  have  Black  Legs. — MidEC  Wamiciu'djakiwansi  andE- 
wiindjiga'wEn  oninggwanEu  midEc  kabe'ciwEd.  ^lidiic  oia'pinin 
o'niEkussiuEn  uniuggwEui  otassEn  kiiye'tEC.  MidEc  kijogicEn  5mEUus- 
sinEu  oulnggwanEn  wi'nitEC  i'niiu'  o'niEkussinEn  kijogicEn  i'uliu'. 
MidEC  akEkadJE  ki'sinikwuEnung  okating  uiidEc  iiu  ki'wagwiiciwEt. 
MidEC  i'iii  andji  makatEwanik  au  wagwush  okadsn. 

G.  Wcumdu' •  djdkncd' nsi  and  His  Son-in-Laic. — Wamici'Q'djakiwa'nsi 
ayacigi'tE  ki'kaneciu  pEkila''onk  6'lcinia'n  pEn  !  pEn  1  pEn  !  tcima'n. 
Kaiyockons  midiic  kimilcini'gEt.  MIsikwo  adjitcigEWEd  ka'i'yockk6n- 
sEg  katEpi'ssi  niwatcin.  Kawin  okin'ninwonimasin  oniaggwanEn  ;  oki- 
nEkEnEn  minice'ning.  OgibiskawEn  I'n-i-ifi  ka'iyock6nsEn  wi'niti':ni 
dEC  gi'tiguciu. 

H.  AssEmo'kKn  a7id  Uis  Brother.  Adlso'kKJi  (a  Tale). — Gi'tawEg  Asse- 
mo'kEn  wi'djikwe''i  En  milEC  andawEndjige'nEt -wi'djikwe-i'En  'winde'- 
ceie  aya'pit  AssEmo'kEn.  O'gimikwandEn  wima'djEd.  Opi' dEc  pEtE 
gwicinEt  wi'djikwe'-i'En  6'giwEuandEn  tci'windaniawEd  wima'djEd 
tEkalEC  mi'nawa  pEtEgwEcing  nin  gama'dJE.  MidEc  opEn-nE  ktilki- 
to'-yEn  ganaa'djE  !  gama'djE  ! — Ice  I  Ice  !  iinina  gi'ta-i'djitE  wibEsawing 
■n'tawabEndEn  ke'gd  kawi'adji'miko'djEn. — E  !  ganuT'djE  sa'kon  I  aa-fi 
nia'djEn.  Kawin  wa'sE  kadja'si  dji'wabEndEniEn  ke'gu. — SebakwEt 
o'giwabEndEn.  TagEninitEni.  A"au  kawin  k6cke  niminiwa'si'si  Crfii'- 
djaayayEn.  IMidiic  papakEm  mJi'nima'iinik  midEC  e''EnwEi  iiQ  !  iiQ  ! 
Oke  !  ni'lanu'sE  ininiiiabEn  djicayfi'vEm  mica'dji  mi'nawa  kima'dJEd 
AssEmo'kEn.  MidEca'dji  mi'nawa  ki'bima'bid  si'bing  wabihulEn-na'dEk 
i-n  iiu  mitig  tiicina'taninik.  A  !  lagEninitEm.  A'aii  I  k6cke  niminiwa- 
si'si.  0  1  o  !  icaidja'dj  En  kawinlEC  mi'nawa  gita'bi  wi'tokw6sinEn.  Mi- 
dEC ki'olicwEd  kEkinnE  ka'nipu'wakfi'panen  nice'lc  abino'd.jivEg.  O'ki- 
kokwe'djiniEn  anindEc  katlo'wEd  okoka'uipu'djik.  Mindimo'-i-ec  ka'-ye 
ola'nEn.  MidEC  oku  ekilEd  na'nik  fro  wa'bimank  a'gomEd  iraa'-En 
gigitciiia'ming.  Miuawa'go  wi'biligwucin  miiEC  ke'ineg  gi'tEnanE  kung 
wiinnE  kin  a  o  gitc-oggwinggwis  eckEn.  liii  !  Iiu  I  kakitE  wi'djicwa'- 
wEk  abino'djiyEg  ka'nawi'nE  o'gi'otissiko'si  wa'tfik^nEn  AssEmo'kEn. 
Wawa'cgac  cckEnEu  o'kiopEgiuEU.  Kawin  a-6  !  wa'wai'sE  wa'bimank. 
MidEC  ki'adji'tawEd  mi'tigwa'bisEn  ka'-ye  pikwEkons  ine  anicpeming 
owi'tEn  gi'ka-i'kit  gi'kfri'kit  gibitcino'nim  onickEg  !  gibltcind'nim  onic- 
kEg  !  gibitcino'nim  onickEg  !     Ki'wonickawEgidEC. 


57 

Songs. 

A.  Dancinff  Song. —  E-yo-kd-o!     E-yo-ko-6!  etc. 

B.  Raoeii  Song. —  Kakaki  wawivvisiiiiwKg 

Anlba'din6ngga. 
"The  Ravens  are  feeding  on  tlie  hillside." 

C.  White  Bone  Song. —  Kitci  Mo'koniKn  ododu'nong 

Wasigineclnon. 
"In  tlie  town  of  the  Americans  the  white  bones  lie." 

D.  Warrior's  Parting  Song. — Gago  mawImecikKn 

EkwawiyanR  nihoyaiiE. 
"Do  not  weep  woman  at  our  death." 

E.  Love  Song. —  Makatawanikwa'pEn 

KwawisIwawitikamakwipKn. 
"I  wanted  to  marry  a  black-haired  girl." 

F.  Love  Song. —  ^rakatawa'kamikwa'pEn 

KwawisiwawitikamakwipEn. 
"I  wanted  to  marry  a  black-eyed  girl." 

These  songs  were  obtained  by  the  writer  at  Skugog  from  Na'wigicko'ke 
(see  also  Journ.  of  Amer.  Folk-Lore,  iii,  pp.  152,  153). 
For  comparison  the  following  may  be  cited  : 

G.  Hunter's  Song. — Geo.  Copway  gives  this  hunter's  song  of  the  Mis^ 
sissagas  of  Rice  Lake  in  his  Life,  p.  34  : 

Ah  yah  ba  wah,  ne  gah  me  koo  nah  vah  ! 
Ah  yah  wa  seeh,  ne  gah  me  koo  nah  vah. 
"The  fattest  of  all  bucks  I'll  take, 
The  choicest  of  all  animals  I'll  take." 


H.     In  the  Naniboju'  story  furnished  the  writer  by  Mr.  Salt,  the  hero 
Dgs  the 
deceive  : 


sings  the  following  song  to  the  assembled  waterfowls  whom  he  intends  to 


Pa-zang-wa-be  she-moog, 
Pazang-wa-be-she-moog, 
Pa-zang-wa-be-she-moog. 
Ke-ku-ma-me-sgue-she-gwam 
Ke-ku-ma-me-sgue  she-gwam, 
Ke-ku-ma  ine-sgue-she-gwam, 
Au-yuii-7.e-kwa-gau, 
Au-y  un  -ze-kwa  -ga  u . 
"Shut  your  eyes  and  dance  ;  if  you  open  your  eyes, 
Your  eyes  will  become  red." 


58 

In  the  Toronto  MS.  the  following  songs  (cf.  Journ.  of  Amer.  lolk-Lore, 
i,  159)  occur,  which  I  transcribe  literally  : 

/.  Chanson  du  wabano 

oukaqui  qua  nipoumin 
quilicog  niauilou-ou  (Bis) 

tant  (lu'on  veut 

En  Francois 
Les  Dieux  disent  que  nous  niourourons 

un  Jour  (Bis). 

J.  Autre  de  wabano  (?) 

oukimacoue  he  he  coua  ni 
soucoutinicouyee  (oukinux  ulni  sauan 

4  Bis)  En  Francois 
La  reine  a  deux  maris 
et  nous  tuons  son  maris  (4  Bis) 
oui  you  ya  oui  ja  lia  (Bis  tant  qu'on  veut). 

K.  Chanson  d'amour 

ouika  tatacouchin  nini  mouchen-h^n 
J'espere  de  te  voir  bientot  ma  maliresse. 

L.  Autre  de  chasse 

wagououine  h6  il  a  les  cornes  de  trav[ers]  (Bis) 
Manilou  ouistouija  oui  ha  ha 
Le  forgeron  est  un  diable. 

M.  Chanson 

ya  ningue  coue  quiouepinan 

Ninguisciome  je  mets  le  Ciel  sens  dessus  dessous. 

The  words  used  in  all  these  songs  do  not  ajipear  to  differ  from  those 
used  in  common  speech. 

Tribal  axd  Ethnic  Names. 

Aiik  ("Elk").     The  name  of  the  chief  totem  of  the  Indians  of  Skugog. 

Kitciino'koiuKh.  An  "American."  Tiiis  name  which  literally  signifies 
"big  knife,"  is  said  to  have  been  given  on  account  of  the  "swords  " 
of  the  American  soldiers. 

MWisa'gi',  ^      The  Indians  of  Skugog,  according  to  the  chief's  niece,  call 

Misisa'gi.  )  themselves  "  INIississagas  of  the  Otripwe  nation."  When 
asked  about  the  meaning  of  the  term  jMisIsfi'gi,  Osawanimi'ki  said  it 
signifies  "many  mouths  of  rivers."  Na'wigick5ke,  however,  thought 
it  meant  "large  mouth  of  river."  Mr.  Salt  informed  the  writer  that 
the  word  is  in  Indian  pronounced  "  miiizezagee,  "  in  the  plural,  "min- 
zezageeg, "  the  latter  of  which   signifies    "people  who  inhabit   the 


59 

country  where  there  are  many  mouths  of  rivers"  {Jnurn.  of  Am. 
Folk-Lore,  \,  150).  Geo.  Copway,  who  was  a  Mississaga,  says  {Life, 
History,  etc.,  p.  13)  :  "The  Ojebways  arc  called  here,  and  all  around, 
Massissaugays,  because  they  came  from  Me-sey  Sah.u;ieng,  at  the  head 
of  Lake  Huron,  as  you  go  up  to  Saull  Ste.  Marie  Falls."  The  Rev. 
Peter  Jones,  who  frequently  speaks  of  the  "Messissauga  tribe  of  the 
Ojebway  nation,"  states  that  "the  clan  or  tribe  with  whom  T  have 
been  brou^iit  up  is  called  Messissauga,  which  si,s?nifi(!3  eagle  tribe, 
their  ensign  or  toodaim  being  that  of  the  eagle"  {lliat.  of  Ojebway 
Indians,  p.  231 ;  see  also  138,  164).  But  in  this  statement  he  appears 
to  have  been  led  away  by  false  etymological  analogies.  In  the 
manuscript  in  the  Toronto  Public  Library  is  the  following  : 

"Descriptions  dts  tributs  des  Sauvages  hnrons  savoir  totaim  tribut. 

Niguic  couasquidzi  tribut  de  la  loutre. 
Passinassi  "        "   "  grue. 

Atay^ta garni  "      du  caribou. 

Oupapinassi  "       "  brochet. 

Ouasce  souanan  ecorce  de  Bouleau. 

Missigomidzi  chcne  blanc. 

Mississagui  tribut  de  I'Eigle." 

The  eagle  was  the  principal  totem  with  the  Mississagas  of  the 
region  around  York  (now  Toronto),  but  the  tribal  name  has  nothing 
to  do  with  the  word  for  eagle.  The  Mississagas  are  no  doubt  in- 
cluded with  the  Ilurons  in  the  Toronto  MS.,  because  of  their  alliance 
with  the  Six  Nations  in  1746.  Schoolcraft  {Arch,  of  Abor.  Knowl.,  i, 
p.  306)  says  that  the  word  ^Mississagie  is  "an  Algonquin  phrase  for  'a 
wide-mouthed  river.'  "  The  components  of  the  name,  in  any  case,  are 
the  radicals  mici,  "  great  (many?),"  and  si'i'cji,  "mouth  of  a  river." 

Na'towe  (snake?).  An  Iroquois.  This  is  the  name  given  by  the  Missis- 
sagas,  Otcipvve,  Nipissings,  etc.,  to  the  ]M()hawks  and  Iroquois.  The 
corresponding  word  in  Cree  is  nafoicew,  connected  perhaps  with  the 
root  nat,  "to  seek,  to  go  after."  In  Nipissing  and  Otcipwe,  natoice 
and  nadowe  mean  a  large  serpent,  the  flesh  of  which  was  formerly 
eaten  by  the  Indians,  according  to  Cuoq.  Tiie  transfer  of  the  name 
to  their  enemies,  the  Iroquois,  is  easily  understood.  This  fact  may 
have  some  bearing  upon  the  etymology  suggested  for  the  word  "Iro- 
quois" by  Mr.  Hewitt  {Amer.  Anthrop.,  Vol.  i,  p.  189). 

ddickica'grjin.  According  to  Mrs.  Bolin,  this  is  the  name  by  which  the 
Mississagas  were  known  in  former  times  wiien  they  dwelt  on  the 
north  shore  of  Lake  Superior.  She  thought  it  signified  "people  on 
the  other  side  of  the  Lake."  The  Rev.  E.  F.  Wilson  i.U<in.  of  Ojebio. 
Lang.,  p.  157)  gives  odishqunhguminee  as  denoting  "Algonquin  Indi- 
ans." Cuoq  {Lex.  Alg.,  p.  314)  cites  otickiraga/iti  as  the  name  of  the 
Nipissing  Indians.  He  explains  the  word  as  ot-ickwa  kami,  "la 
dernierc  <3iendue  d'eau  "  {i.  e.,  Lake  Nipissing),  Irom  the  prefix  at-, 


60 

ickwa-  (end),  rjami  (body  of  water).  Baraga  gives,  in  Otefpvve, 
odishkicogami,  "Algonquin  Indian."  Cuoq's  etymology  is  not  satis- 
factory, and  since  we  find  in  Crce  the  radical  ottiskaw,  "en  face,  vis- 
it vis,"  it  would  seem  that  a  derivation  tVoni  the  cognate  of  this  latter, 
and  the  radical  suffix  -g-kml  or  gd'ml  (body  of  water)  is  to  be  pre- 
ferred. 

Otcipirc.  This  name  is  spelled  in  a  multitude  of  ways  by  various  writers 
(Chippeway,  Chepeway,  Ojibway,  Ojebvvay,  Chepway,  etc.).  The 
etymology  of  the  word  is  very  uncertain.  Baraga  writes  it  Otchipwe, 
but  does  not  suggest  a  derivation.  Cuoq,  whose  orthography  is 
Odjibwe,  say? that  some  would  derive  the  name  from  tlie  roots  odji, 
"to  suck  up"  (humer),  and  abwe,  the  signification  being  "humeurs 
do  bouillon,"  but  there  appears  to  bo  nothing  to  support  tliis.  Other 
equally  unsatisfactory  etymologies  have  been  put  forward. 

PotEwd'tEml.  The  name  given  to  this  tribe  of  Indians  appears  to  be 
derived  from  the  Tudical  po'iawe,  "to  build  a  fire." 

CdgKnoc,  Englishman.  Mrs.  Bolin  thought  that  this  word  signified 
"sail  around  the  world;  '  this  idea  was  no  doubt  induced  by  the 
termination  -oc  =  "sailing."  Cuoq,  however,  is  probably  right  in 
considering  this  and  cognate  Algonkian  words  as  corruptions  of  the 
French  (inglais. 

Wd'blgEu  ("while  clay"),  the  totem  of  Gwinggwic,  one  of  the  two  first 
settlers  on  Skugog  Island. 

Wa'mitigun.  The  origin  of  this  word,  which  corresponds  to  tlae  "Nipissing 
^ceinitigoji,  Otcipwe  iconitigoji,  Cree  vemisiikojiw,  is  not  certain. 
Mrs.  Bolin  said  it  meant  "carries  a  trunk,"  and  referred  to  the  early 
French  traders.  Its  components  would  in  that  case  be  ica-,  mitig, 
-wac  ("hollow,"  in  Nipissing). 

Place  Names. 

The  names  of  the  various  lakes,  rivers,  etc.,  in  the  region  known  to  the 
Mississagas  of  Skugog,  as  far  us  the  writer  was  able  to  obtain  them,  were 
as  follows  : 

Asdgd'lk^n  (i.  e.,  "lake  ").     Some  of  the  Indians  call  Lake  Skugog  thus. 

Ecuniowj  {i.  €.,  "  i)lace  of  cnlling").  Name  given  to  Lake  Simcoe.  The 
following  is  the  origin  of  the  term  according  to  Na'wigickoke  :  A  long 
time  ago,  when  the  ISIississagas  used  to  live  on  the  points  of  land  in 
Lake  Simcoe,  a  man  heard  a  voice,  as  if  some  one  were  calling  a  dog. 
It  was  a  calm  day,  and  although  he  looked  carefull}'  around  he  could 
see  no  one,  but  heard  the  voice  only.  So  the  lake  was  named  Ecii- 
riiong,  "the  place  of  the  calling."  The  word  is  derived  from  the 
radical  ecm,  "to  call,  to  speak  to,"  through  the  extended  form,  T&cuni j 
■ong  is  locative  suffix.  In  the  early  Englisli  records  of  the  settlement 
of  Ontario  this  name  appears  in  variousl}'  disguised  forms. 


61 

■Ginning.  This  niinio  is  sometimes  used  by  the  Indians  (very  often  by  the 
whites)  to  denote  the  body  of  water  known  to  the  whites  as  Mud 
Lake.  It  would  seem  to  be  a  corrupt  form  of  tci)ii6ng  ("place  of 
canoes  "),  from  tciiin'ni,  "caiioe, "  with  the  locative  suffix. 

Kuwakonlkong  ("|)]ace  of  the  edible  moss").  Name  given  to  Stony 
Lake,  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  Otonabee.  It  is  so  named  from  the 
"edible  moss"  that  grows  upon  the  stones  and  rocks  in  that  region 
(the  well-known  "tripe  de  roche").  The  radical  of  the  word  is 
wakon,  "tripe  de  roche,  edible  moss."  Ka  is  verbal  prefix;  -ong, 
locative  suffix. 

Kitcigu' ming  ("at  the  great  water  ").  This  name  is  applied  by  the  Mis- 
sissagas  of  Skfigog  to  Lakes  Simcoe,  Ontario,  Huron  and  Superior. 
Lake  Superior  is  also  specially  named  OU-ipirc  Kitngnirnng,  because 
it  is  "the  lake  of  the  Otoipwe,"  and  the  reg-ion  about  it  has  been  long 
inhabited  by  them.  The  radicals  of  Iheword  are  kitci,  "great,"  and 
the  suthx,  -gaiiil,  api)licd  to  a  "body  of  water"  and  used  only  in 
composition. 

MVdftkd'ming  ("the  place  of  the  fish  fence").  This  name  given  to  the 
"Narrows  "  of  Lake  Simcoe  recalls  the  notice  in  Champlain  of  the 
"fish  fence."  The  Indians  used  to  drive  stakes  into  the  water  at  this 
point  so  as  to  make  a  "  fence  "  and  stop  the  fish.  The  radical  of  the 
word  is  mi'djtkY.n,  "a  fence." 

Minis  ("island").  Skugog  Island  is  generally  thus  termed  by  the 
Indians. 

Ifd'mesagaikEn  ("  Sturgeon  Lake").  The  Indian  name  is  translated  in 
the  name  given  to  this  bodv  of  water  by  the  whites,  "Sturgeon 
Lake." 

Nonkon,  or  minis-i-nonkon.  The  name  of  a  jiortion  of  Skugog  Island 
which,  in  former  times,  was  itself  a  separate  island.  Mrs.  Bolin 
stated  that  the  word  meant  "woods  all  in  one  spot."  The  ladical  of 
the  word  is  jirobably  non.  "  contracted,  compressed." 

Otcipwe  Kitclgdnting.     Lake  Superior.     See  Kite igd' ming. 

Odd'riK  ("town,  village  ").  This  is  the  name  given  to  the  adjacent  town 
of  Port  Perry.     Toronto  is  called  gilce  odd'nK,  "  big  town." 

•Oto'nd'bi  ("mouth  water  ").  The  name  of  the  upper  course  of  the  river 
Trent,  known  to  the  whites  as  Otonabee.  The  application  of  the  name 
is  not  clear,  but  it  is  wrongly  said  to  have  been  given  on  account  of  the 
broad  expanse  of  Rice  Lake,  into  which  the  river  flows.  In  some 
Algonkian  dialects  of  the  Lake  Superior  region  this  name  is  given  to 
the  fish  known  scientifically  as  the  Coregonus  qnadrilateralis,  and 
reappears  in  the  term  toulibi,  or  tiillibee,  applied  by  the  French  and 
English  settlers  in  the  Canadian  Northwest  to  the  same  fish. 

Pd'idjKko'ckhn'i'kong.  The  old  Indian  name  of  Skugog  Lake.  Before 
the  Government  dams  were  erected,  some  years  ago,  the  lake  was 
very  shallow  and  muddy.  Mrs.  Bolin  explained  the  name  as  signi- 
fying "a  low,  shallow,  muddy  place."     One  of  the  Indians,  who  had 


62 

forgotteu  most  of  his  mother  tongue,  called  the  lake  pKcljo'gKH  skl'uK- 
gog,  and  it  would  seem  that  in  the  i)resent  name  Skfigog  we  have  all 
of  the  Indian  api>ellatiou  that  imi)ressed  itself  upon  the  memory  of 
the  European  emigrants.  The  etymology  of  tiie  name  is  seen  from 
the  cognate  Otcipwe  ffjishkiwika,  "it  is  muddy,"  from  the  radical 
ajlshki,  "  mud  ;  "   -ong  is  locative  suffix. 

Pa'mitdikwd'tayong.  The  name  given  by  the  Indians  to  Rice  Lake,  which 
body  of  water  received  this  last  name  from  the  whiles  by  reason  of 
the  wild  rice  in  which  it  abounds.  Mrs.  Bolin  explained  tiie  term  as 
signifying  "across  the  prairies,  or  burnt  lands,"  saying  that  on  look- 
ing across  the  lake  from  the  Indian  camping  ground  one  could  see  the 
]>rairies.  Tiiis  exi)lanation  is  somewhat  doubtful.  In  the  region  of 
Peterborough  the  old  name  is  believed  to  have  meant  "lake  of  the 
burning  i)lains."  The  word  may  be  derived  h-ova  pa'mit,  "across,"' 
and  mdskotd.  "prairie,"  with  the  locative  suffix,  -ong. 

Potdgb'ning.  A  name  given  to  the  town  of  Lindsay  and  also  to  a  place 
nearby  where  there  are  "rapids"  in  the  river.  Said  to  mean  "at 
the  rapids." 

CV clbd' ligwc' yong.  The  name  given  by  most  of  the  Indians  to  Cimung 
or  Mud  Lake.  iMrs.  Bolin  explained  that  the  word  signified  "place 
of  man}'  inlets  and  outlets,  with  junctions."  The  tirst  component 
seems  to  be  a  derivative  of  the  radical  clcib,  "long."  Compare  the 
Otcipwe  nin  jishibigibina,  "I  stretch  something  out  in  every  direc- 
tion." 

N.'i.MEs  OF  Mythological  Char.vcters  and  Objects. 

The  principal  characters  who  figure  in  the  mythology  of  the  Mississagas 
of  Skugog,  as  far  as  the  writer  had  opi)orluuity  to  investigate,  are  : 

Ass-E.mb'kwn.  An  individual  whom,  Mrs.  Bolin  said,  "made  tobacco;" 
but  in  what  way,  or  when,  she  could  not  say.  He  "  was  not  a  very 
clever  or  bright  man,"  but  "knew  enough  to  make  tobacco."  He  is 
the  principal  figure  in  a  "younger  brother"  story  and  resembles  one 
of  the  characters  in  the  mythology  of  the  New  York  Iroquois.  His 
name  signifies  "tobacco-maker."  The  radical  is  se'nve,,  asse'niE, 
"  tobacco." 

Antk.  The  bird  known  as  "  fox -bird  "  by  the  residents  in  the  vicinity  of 
Skugog  is  really,  according  to  Indian  belief,  a  little  girl  who  got  lost 
in  the  woods  and  was  metamorphosed  into  this  creature. 

AsslbEii.  The  raccoon  figures  an  emblem  of  cunning  and  deceit  in  the 
widespread  myth  of  the  "Raccoon  and  Crawfish,"  which  has  its  ana- 
logues far  without  the  limits  of  Algonkian  tale-lore.  He  is  the 
deceiver  of  the  crawfish  (on  which  he  feeds)  and  of  the  wolf  who 
finally  kills  him. 

Acagdce.     The  crawfish  figures  as  the  victim  of  the  raccoon. 


63 

Oi'ljikv.ne'cb.  The  little  "chickadee"  is  a  purveyor  of  news  and  good 
advice  to  men. 

Mnnltu.  The  name  given  by  the  Indians  to  "supernatural  beings,"  good 
or  bad.  The  ai>pellati()ns  G'ltci  Mi'mitu  (God)  and  Main  M/initv 
(devil)  have  been  fixed  by  the  influence  of  the  missionaries. 

Ma'we.  This  name  (not  now  in  use)  is  given  to  the  wolf  in  some  of  the 
old  tales.  Usually  he  bears  his  own  name,  minng-fj-Eii.  It  resembles 
moiciohaoic,  W\e  Menominee  name  for  that  animal.  Schoolcraft  also 
mentions  a  similar  term  applied  to  the  wolf  in  Ojebway  mythology. 
In  the  Mississaga  story  of  the  raccoon  and  the  crawfish,  the  wolf, 
being  insulted  and  deceived  by  the  raccoon,  kills  him.  In  some 
stories  the  wolf  is  termed   "the  enemy." 

MEndamin  {"  seed  of  mysterious  origin").  The  Mississaga  story  re- 
corded in  the  Journal  of  American  Folk-Lore,  i.  p.  143,  explains  the 
significance  of  this  name.  The  corn  appears  as  if  in  the  form  of  an 
old  man  to  a  fiisting  Indian  boy. 

M'lndimb'-i  ec  ("the  bad  old  woman  ").  Appears  as  a  task-setter  in  the 
AssBmd'kKn  story. 

Mbns  ("eater?").  In  Mississaga  legend  the  moose,  who  is  described  as 
"stepping  on  every  other  hill,"  is  killed  by  the  rabbit  and  the  frog. 

Ogichiggicis.  In  the  AssEmo'kEn  legend  one  of  the  tasks  set  the  "bad 
old  woman"  is  to  fetch  the  "chipmunk's  horn,"  giici  ogic'inggicis 
KckEii.      Ogiringwis  is  the  ordinary  name  of  this  animal. 

OmukKkl  ("the  hairless?").     Helps  the  rabbit  to  kill  the  moose.     Is  de- 
scribed as  being  able  to  sink  into  the  ground.     The  frog  and  the  toad 
(pdplgdmukKkl)  are  confused  with  each  other.     In  the  legend  of  the 
Clngibis,  the  "old  toad  woman,"  who  appears  frequently  in  Algon- 
kian  mythology,  steals  children  (Jonrn.  of  Amer.  Folk-Lore,  ii,  145). 
This  woman  is  called  ounikEki  sometimes. 
Ote'min  ("  heart  fruit  ").     This  fruit  figures  in  mythology.     It  lies  in  the 
path  of  those  who  visit  the  other  world,  and  if  they  partake  of  it  not 
they  must  return  hither  (Jo'irn.  Amer.  Folk-Lore,  i,  144). 
Cingibis.     The  duck  known  as  the  "hell-diver  "  figures  as  the  would-be 
counterfeiter  of  the  loon  in  the  story  of  the  cingibis  (J.  of  A.  F.-L., 
ii,  144). 
Wa'blimi'nk  ("white   loon").     One  of  the  tasks  which  the   "bad  old 
woman  "  sets  is  to  fetch  the  "white  loon  that  dwells  in  the  midst  of 
the  sea."     The  loon  (mdnk)  appears  in  other  stories. 
Wfibus  ("  the  little  white  one  ").     Together  with  the  frog,  the  rabbit  kills 

the  moose. 
Wd'mlgi'sEkKn.  This  character,  whose  name  Mrs.  Bolin  rendered  as 
"the  great  pearl  chief,"  figures  in  the  story  of  the  cingibis.  He 
appears  to  be  the  loon  i>ersonified.  ^Irs.  Bolin  said  that  this  name 
was  formerly  given  to  that  bird  on  account  of  the  spots  on  its  breast, 
which  resembled  "  pearl  beads."  The  radical  of  the  word  is  mt'gis, 
"wampum." 


(34 

W<yimciudjak'urnnsi  (etymology?).  Tliis  character,  who  is  styled  the 
"great-grandfather,"  is  sometimes  confused  with  Waiiihoju,  or  Ndni- 
bojii.  He  figures,  together  with  his  son  inlaw  (whom  he  hates  and 
endeavors  to  destroy)  in  several  stories  {J.  of  A.  F.-L.,  ii,  146  ;  iii, 
IT)!).     The  exact  signification  of  his  name  is  not  certain. 

TFawi&rtjw  (etymology?).  The  great  Algonkian  hero-god,  Ndntboju,  is 
called  thus  at  Skugog.     He  figures  in  several  legends. 

Windigu  (etymology?).  A  giant  cannibal,  who  figures  in  the  mythology 
of  several  Algonkian  tribes. 

Name.  The  "sturgeon"  figures  in  connection  with  the  "Milky  Way." 
Mrs.  Bolin  explained  the  Mississaga  name  of  this  portion  of  the 
heavens  as  signifying  "sturgeon  ])oking  his  nose  and  making  '  rily  ' 
water."  The  word  is  derived  from  nhim,  "  sturgeon,"  pdkicc'bikd'nn, 
"it  is  turbid  " — nd'mepakweblkwni'tdwEt. 

Odjig.  The  fisher,  or  pekan,  has  given  his  name  to  the  constellation 
known  as  the  "  Di])per, "  or  •'  Great  Bear." 

Ml'eihVn.  The  "  lion,"  a  mythic  monster,  which,  according  to  Mississaga 
legend,  lived  at  the  Narrows  of  Lake  Simcoe,  and  to  which  sacrifices 
were  made.  The  word  seems  to  be  derived  from  mVcl,  "great,"  and 
plrVii,  "lynx." 

Wddjdck.  The  muskrat  figures  in  the  Deluge  legend,  bringing  up  from 
the  bottom  of  the  deep  the  little  bit  of  earth  with  which  Waniboju' 
makes  the  new  world. 

Od-yock.  The  son-in-law  of  'Wi'i'miciMjdMirdini  assumes  the  form  of  a 
"  gull  "  in  order  to  reach  home  before  him. 

Personal  Xames. 

Xame  feasts  were  held  by  the  Mississagas  in  the  olden  times  and  names 

were  given  in  various  ways  {Amer.  Journ.  of  Folk-Lore,  i,  152  ;  iii,  149). 

The  personal  names  which  have  come  under  the  observation  of  the  writer 

are  : 

Asd'bEnunr/  ("stars  in  a  cluster  ").  The  name  of  Atell,  one  of  the  Indi- 
ans at  Skfigog.  The  radicals  from  which  this  word  is  derived  are 
asan,  "gathered  together,  pressed,"  and  andiu/  or  anting,  "star." 

Oilctbine' eC'V\g  bird ").  The  Indian  name  of  Chief  .Johnson  of  the 
Skijgog  Mississagas.     From  gitcl,  "hlg,"  and  bin('' si,  "bird." 

Qwinggwic  ("  meat-bird,"  or  "  butcher  bird  ")•  One  of  the  two  first  set- 
tlers on  Skugog  Island,  and  belonging  to  the  Clay  totem. 

MKseng  (etymology?).  The  Indian  name  of  Patoc,  the  chief  of  the  Rice 
Lake  Mississagas. 

Ndg-En  (etymology?).  Name  of  the  uncle  of  John  Bolin,  a  farmer  chief 
of  the  ]Mississagas  of  ilud  Lake. 

iVmcaAices  ("the  sun  at  noon").  Wife  of  Chief  Johnson.  The  radical 
of  the  word  is  «rtw  =  "in  the  middle  of;"  the  word  comes  more 
directly  from  ndwdkwE,  "it  is  noon  ;"  -ens  is  probably  diminutive 
suffix. 


65 

Nd'wigicko'le  ("tlie  sun  in  the  centre  of  the  sky  woman  ").     The  Indian 
name  of  Mrs.  Bolin,  the  most  interestinfc  Indian  in  the  Skugog  settle- 
ment.    She  is  somewhat  over  sixty  j'ears  of  age  and  knows  probably 
as  much  as,  if  not  more  than,  any  one  else  there.     The  name  is  de- 
rived from  naiD,  "  in  the  middle  of,"  gi'cU;  "sky,"  and  -oke  =^  e/cwe, 
"woman." 
NmrakwEhYMi  ("middle  thunder").     Name  of  Mrs.  Bolin's  second  son. 
Children  were  frequently  named  after  the  "thunders,"  or  "thunder- 
birds."     The  word  is  derived  from  naicdkicv.,  and  a  suffix,  of  which 
exact  meaning  is  doubtful. 
Ni'binonakwEt  ("summer  cloud").     An  old  Indian  who,  many  years 
ago,   lived  near  Lake  Simcoe.     He  was  known  to  the   English  as 
"  Shilling,"  on  account  of  a  medal  which  he  wore.     The  radicals  of 
the  word  are  ni'bin,  "summer,"  and  anaktcKt,  "cloud."    In  the  MS. 
in  the  Toronto  Public  Library,  the  name  Mpinanacouat,  evidently 
identical  with  this,  occurs. 
Wlka  ("wild  goose").     One  of  the  two  brothers-in-law,  who  were  the 
first  settlers  on  Skugog  Island.     He  belonged  to  the  atik  (elk)  totem. 
NVckVhis  ("young  lion  ").     Name  of  Mrs.  Bolin's  youngest  son. 
Nonbkti'sektrd   ("humming-bird  woman").      Name   given   to  a   young 
Indian  girl  by  Mrs.  Bolin,  Avho  acted  as  name  giver.     The  word  is 
composed  olnondkrl'si,  "humming-bird,"  and  ekicii,  "woman." 
0'(7zw/Y7'i/«<V«.  ("chief  bird  ").     The  Indian  name  of  John   Bolin,  hus- 
band of  Na'wigicko'ke.     He  belonged  formerly  to  the  Mud  Lake 
Mississagas.     Yxova.  d'(jima,  "chief,"  J^■ne'c^,  "bird." 
Ondil'sigK  ("moon  in  last  quarter").     Name  of  Eliot,  one  of  the  oldest 
Indians  at  Skugog.     The  components  of  this  word  are  the  radical 
prefix  ond;    "change,"    and   HsiyE,    from   the  radical   -rt8="sun, 
moon." 
Ond('(' sinbns  (etymology  ?).      Name  of  the  wife   of  the  chief's  brother 

Chauncey  Johnson. 
OsHWKci'p  ("yellow  duck").     Name  of  an  old  Indian  of  Lake  Simcoe. 

From  bsa'iDE.,  "it  is  yellow,"  and  neip,  "  duck." 
Osnwan-E.mi'ki  ("yellow  thunder").      Name    of   an   Indian,    who   was 
formerly  a  schoolteacher  there.     The  word  is  derived  from  bsa'tcE, 
"it  is  yellow,"  and  onEml'kl,   "thunder."     The  name  is  also  pro- 
nounced o'saicdnwiVki. 
Pa'migi'cuja'sunr/  ("moon  when  shining").     Name  of  son  of  the  Eliot 

mentioned  above. 
Pa' mujl'sii/wdckKut .  The  name  conferred  upon  the  writer  by  Mrs.  Bolin, 
who  stated  that  it  signified  "  sun  bringing  the  day."  Rev.  P.  Jones 
(Life  and  Journals,  p.  246)  mentions  an  old  chief  of  Walpole  Island, 
named  Pazhekezhikquashkunt  ;  perhaps  the  same  word. 
Sd'gininicKn.  Name  of  a  bachelor  who  many  years  ago  was  made  sport 
of  by  the  Indians.  His  name  is  said  to  signifj'  "outlet  of  a  small 
creek,"  the  chief  component  being  sd'cjl,  "mouth  of  a  stream." 


6(3 


CawE^noc  ("sailing  from  the  south  ").  Name  of  Chauncey  Johnson,  the 
chiel's  brother,  and  the  leading  man  of  the  tribe.  From  caw^n, 
"south,"  and  the  suffix  -or,  which  expresses  the  idea  of  "sailing." 


Modern  Mississaga. 

From  the  Rev.  Allen  Salt,  a  ^Mississaga  of  the  tribe  now  resident  at 
Alnwick,  Ontario,  but  who  for  a  number  of  years  past  has  lived  as  mis- 
sionary amongst  the  hundred  or  so  3Iississagas  on  Parry  Island,  Georgian 
Bay.  the  writer  has  from  time  to  time  obtained  interesting  linguistic 
material. 

Tiie  following  word-list  represents  the  language  as  at  present  spoken 
(January,  1889): 


Animal,  au-wa-se. 

au-wa-se-yug  (animals). 
Arm,  o-nik  (his  arm). 

ne-nik  (my  aim). 

ke-nik  (your  arm). 

o-ne-kuu  (his  arms). 

o-nekau-won  (their  arms). 

ne-nik-ong  (on  my  arm). 

ke-nik  oug  (on  your  arm). 

o-nik-au-woiig  (on  their  arms). 
Back,  o  pik-won  (liis  back). 

ne-biiv-won  (my  back). 

ke-bik-won  (your  back). 

ne-bik-won-ong  (on  my  back). 

ke-bik-won-ong  (on  your  back). 

o-bik-\vone-won  (backs). 

o-biic-won-au-wong  (on  their 
backi-). 
Body,  we-yow  (ins  body). 

ne-yow  (my  body). 

ke-yow  (your  body). 
Boy,  que-wes-ance. 

que-wes-an-sug  (boys). 
Buffalo,  pau-ipiochbe-sbe-ke   (pau- 

quoch  r^  wild). 
Bull,  au-yau-ba-be-she-ke   (au-yau- 

ba  =  male). 
Calf,  au-tick-oonce  (little  cow). 

be-she-kuiice. 
Chest,  o-kau-ke-gun  (liis  chest). 

ne  kau-ke-gun  (my  chest). 

ke-kau-ke-gun  (your  chest). 


Chest,  o-kau-ke-gun-e-won  (their 

chests). 
ne-kau-kegun-ing  (in  or  on  my 

chest), 
ke-kau-ke-gun-ing  (in  or  on  thy 

chest), 
o-kau-ke-gun-e-wong  (in  or  on 

their  chests). 
Coic,  noon  shabe-she  ke  (noon-sha 

^  female), 
be-she-ke. 
Eye,  oosh-keen-shig  (his  eye), 
nisi^h-keen-shig  (my  eye), 
kislikeenshig  (your  eye), 
oosh-keen-she-goon  (eyes). 
oosh  -  keen  -  shi  -  go  -  won  (their 

eyes). 
uish  -  keen  -  shi  -  goong  (in   my 

eye). 
kish  -  keen  -  shi  -  goong  (in  your 

eye), 
oosh-keen-shigo  wong  (in  their 

eyes). 
Foot,  o-zid  (his  foot), 
ne-zid  (my  fool), 
ke-zid  (your  foot). 
ne-zid-ong  (in  or  on  my  foot). 
ke-zidong  (in  or  on  your  foot), 
o-zid- un  (feet), 
o-zid-au-won  (tlieir  feet). 
o-zid-au-wong  (in   or   on  their 

feet). 


07 


Girl,  equas-jince. 

equas-an-sug  (girls). 
Hair,  me-nc  sis. 

ne-me-ne-sis  (my  hair) 
ke-me-ne-sis  (your  liair). 
me-nc-se-sun  (hairs). 
o-me-ne-si-se-\von  (Uieir  hairs). 
Hand,  o-ninj  (his  hand), 
ne-ninj  (my  hand). 
ke-ninj  (your  hand), 
o-ninj -een  (hands). 
ne  -  ninj  -  ing    (in    or   on    my 

hand), 
ke-niiij-ing    (in    or    on    your 

hand), 
o-ninj-e-wong   (in   or  on    tlieir 

hand). 
Head,  oosh-tig  won  (his  head), 
nislitig-won  (my  liead). 
kish-tig-won  (your  head). 
Gosh-tig-wau-nun  (heads), 
oosli  -  tig  -  wa  -  ne  -  won  (t  h  e  i  r 

lieads). 
uisli  tig-won-ing  (in  or  on  my 

head), 
kish-tig-won-ing  (in  or  on  your 

head), 
oosh-tig-wa-ne-wong  (in  or  on 

their  heads). 
Jaw,  o-dau  me-kun  (his  jaw), 
nin-dau-me-kun  (my  jaw). 
Ice-dauine  kun  (your  jaw). 
o-dau-me-kun-un  (jaws). 
o  -  dau  -  me  -  Ivun  -  e  -  won  (their 

jaws), 
nin-dau  me-kun-ing  (in   or  on 

my  jaw). 
ke-dan-me-Ivun-ing    (in    or    on 

your  jaw). 
o  dau-me-kun-ewong  (in  or  on 

tlieir  jaws). 
Leg,  okaud  (his  leg), 
nc-kaud  (my  leg), 
ke-kaud  (your  leg), 
o-kau-diin  (legs). 
o-kau-de-won  (their  legs). 


M(Hi,  e-ne-ne. 

e-ne-ne-wug  (men). 
Mouth,  o-doon  (his  mouth), 
ne-doon  (my  mouth), 
ke  doon  (your  mouth), 
o-doo-nun  (mouths), 
o-dooiie-won  (their  mouths)  . 
ne-doo  nitig  (in  my  mouth), 
ke-doon-ing  (in  your  mouth), 
o-doo- ne  -  wong     (in     their 
mouths). 
Nech-,  o-qua-gun  (ills  neck), 
ne-qua-gun  (my  neck), 
ke-qua-gun  (your  neck), 
o-qua  gun-un  (necks). 
o-(iuagune-won  (their  necks), 
ne-qua-gun-ong  (on  my  neck), 
ke  qua-gun-ong  (on  your  neck), 
o-qua-gun-au-vvong  (on  their 
necks. 
None,  o-chaush  (his  nose), 
ne-cliaush  (my  nose), 
ke-chaush  (your  nose), 
o-chaush-un  (noses). 
o-chaush-e-won  (their  noses). 
ne-chaush-ing  (in  my  nose), 
ke  chaush-ing  (in  your  nose), 
o  -  chaush  -  e  -  wong  (in  their 
noses). 
Ox,  be-she-ke  ;  aulick  ; 

auyau-ba  be  she-ke. 
Old  man,  au-ke-wan-ze. 

au-ke-wan-ze-yug  (old  men). 
Old  woman,  min-de-mo-ya. 

m  i  n  -  d  e  -  m  o  -  y  a  -  y  u  g   (old 
women). 
Reindeer,  au-tick. 

au-tick-wug  (reindeers). 
Tongue,  o-ta-nau-newh  (his tongue), 
nin  ta-nau-newh  (my  tongue), 
ke-ta-naunewh  (your  tongue), 
o-ta-nau-ne-wun  (tongues), 
o  -  ta  -  nau  -  ne  -  we  -  wuu   (their 

tongues), 
nin-ta-nau-ne-wing  (in    or    on 
my  tongue). 


68 

Tongue,ke  t&-na.u-ne-v/iag  (inor  on  Tooth,   ne-we-bid-ong  (in  or  on  my 

your  tongue).  tooth). 

o-t:i-nau-ne-we-wong  (in  or  on  ke-we-bid-ong  (in   or  on  your 

their  tongues).  tooth). 

Tooth,  we-bid  (his  tooth).  o-we-bidau-wong    (in     or    on 

ne-we-bid  (my  tooth).  their  teeth), 

ke-we-bid  (your  tootli).  Widow,  she-gau  e-qua. 

we-bidun  (teeth).  Widower,  she-gau  we-ne-ne. 

o-we  -  bid  -  dau  -  won    (their  Woman,  e-qua. 

teeth).  e-qua-wug  (women). 

The  words  in  the  above  vocabulary  were  syllabified  by  Mr.  Salt  in  order 
to  afiord  opportunity  for  ascertaining  how  the  problem  of  syllabification 
presented  itself  to  the  Indian  mind.  The  writer's  own  experience  has  been 
tliat  there  can  be  drawn  no  very  fi.xed  lines,  for  the  consonant  which  closes 
a  syllable  at  one  time  may  a  short  time  afterwards  be  found  connected  with 
the  next  following  syllable.  The  rule  assumed  by  some  authorities  that 
syllables  should,  as  far  as  possible,  close  with  a  vowel  does  not  hold  in  the 
Algonkian  tongues,  for  in  Mississaga  the  termination  of  a  syllable  in  a 
consonant  is  very  frequent,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  vocabulary  now 
under  consideration.  There  seems  to  be  considerable  variation  in  Mr. 
Salt's  syllabification,  a  fact  which  goes  to  support  the  writer's  personal 
experience. 

There  are  several  interesting  points  to  be  noticed  in  the  list  of  words 
given  above.  The  name  au-tick,  given  to  the  reindeer,  is  known  by  tra- 
dition only,  as  that  animal  is  unknown  in  the  region  where  the  Mississagas 
reside  at  present.  Now  the  name  is  transferred  to  the  "cow"  or  "ox," 
probably  from  the  resemblance  of  the  hoofs.  To  the  same  animals  the 
name  be-she-ke  (properly,  "buffalo")  is  given,  the  male  and  female  being 
distinguished  as  au-yau-ha  be-she-ke  and  noon-sha  be-she-ke.  As  a  result, 
probably,  of  the  transference  of  this  name  to  the  domestic  cow,  the  "buf- 
falo "  is  called  by  another  name,  being  differentiated  as  pau-quoclhbe-she-ke, 
or  the  "wild  cow,"  -'the  cow  of  the  woods." 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  the  Lenupe  »^o«  (which  signified  "elk, 
cow,")  is  by  the  Canadian  Dehiwares  of  to-day  applied  only  to  the  deer 
and  the  elk. 

The  letters  in  the  words  given  by  Mr.  Salt  have  their  English  sounds  as 
written  by  Mr.  Salt. 

To  further  illustrate  the  Mississaga  dialect  of  Mr.  Salt  the  following 
brief  legend,  furnished  by  him,  may  be  cited  : 

A  Stouy  OP  THE  Mamagwasewug  or  Faeries  (Referring  to  a 
Rock  near  Shawanaga  Bay). 

Pauketaubewod  Auneshenaubag  okematusenauwon  kekooyun  ke  e-she- 
numackegawug  kemodemindvvau.     Wekekanemauwod   dush,   chebwau- 


69 

waubung  ke-e  naukoshewawug  ewede  pauketaubauning  okewaubumau- 
wori  dush  akomonojin  wauyaubumegowod  dush  kemaujekotihewawun, 
aupe  dush  adoiiuiwainvod  kenuwutaiiwun  wekautunvauhumegosigwau. 
Pasliig  dush  kee-kedowun  kaunonod  wcjikewayun.  Xiikenau  lautauke- 
kwanin  keen  osliaunau  nuwuch  Auiieshinaubang  kedeshenaugooz,  Oke- 
wauhumauwon  emau  odusene  jemaunening  kekooyun  peendonug  aube- 
nid,  medush  ke-e  nauwod,  kagomonauwau  kemoodemishshekongan,  ke- 
koiijwatieiuimuwauwod  odusenejemaunene.  Okewaubuinauwon  dush 
enewli  niausluishanejin  enenewuii  peendegakwaushewanid  ausumaubik. 
Medush  ewh  Mamagwasevvaubekong. 

"At  a  certaiu  lime  some  Indiana  suspected  that  some  one  was  stealing 
fish  out  of  their  nets.  Resolved  to  see  who  it  was,  they  started  before 
daylight  to  visit  their  nets.  They  saw  parlies  in  a  canoe  taking  fish  out 
of  their  net.  The  Indians  chased  them  and  overtook  them,  and  held  their 
canoe,  which  was  of  stone.  The  Indians  asked  them  why  they  were 
stealing  the  fish  out  of  their  net.  The  strangers  kept  holding  their  heads 
down,  covering  their  faces  with  their  hands.  At  last  one  of  them  spoke 
and  said  to  one  of  his  companions:  'You  look  up  and  answer,  for  you 
look  more  like  an  Indian  than  the  rest  of  us.'  The  Indians  knew  that 
the  strangers  in  tlie  stone  canoe  were  the  beings  whom  they  call  Mamarj- 
wasewufj.  The  Indians  pushed  off  the  stone  canoe,  saying,  '  Don't  steal 
any  more  of  our  fish.'  The  Mamagwasewug  paddled  their  canoe  into  a 
high  precipitous  rock.  This  region  [near  Shawanaga  Bay]  is  called  Ma- 
mag  wasewabekong,"  ("  the  place  of  the  Faeries.") 

For  other  specimens  of  modern  Mississaga,  reference  may  be  had  to  the 
works  of  Playter,  Jones,  and  McLean,  which  are  cited  in  the  bibliog- 
raphy appended  to  this  essay. 

Mrs.  ]Mo()die,  in  her  very  interesting  book.  Roughing  It  in  the  Bush,  has 
recorded  a  few  words  of  the  Indians  of  Mud  and  Rice  Lakes  (pp.  307,311): 

Anuonk,  a  star  (name  given  to  Mrs.  Moodie's  child  Addie). 

Checharm,      to  sneeze. 

Metig,  a  stick  (name  given  to  a  white  settler  of  slender  build). 

Muckakee,  a  bullfrog  (name  given  to  a  fat  and  pompous  white  settler). 
Nogesigook,   the  northern  lights  (name  given  to  Mrs.  Moodie's  d'aughter 

Katie). 
Nonocosiqui,  a  humming-bird  (name  given  to  Mrs.  Moodie). 
Sachalio,         cross-eye  (name  given  to  a  woman  with  a  "squint"). 
Segoskee,        rising  sun  (name  given  to  a  red-faced  young  man). 
Too-me-duh,  to  churn. 

Mrs.  ]VIoodie  notes  the  fact  (p,  294)  that  "John  of  Rice  Lake,  a  very 
sensible,  middle  aged  Indian,  was  conversing  with  me  about  the  lan- 
guage and  the  difficulty  he  found  in  understanding  the  books  written  in 
Indian  for  their  use."  This  is  not  surprising  when  we  consider  the  diffi- 
culties of  conveying  to  the  mind  of  the  Indian,  in  his  own  language, 
6 


70 

the  peculhir  modes  of  thought  of  tlie  Bible  and  other  religious  books. 
Besides  this  the  Rev.  Peter  Jones,  to  whom  very  many  of  the  translations 
are  wholly  or  in  itart  due,  himself  confesses  that  "having  spol^en  the 
English  language  now  for  some  time,  I  found  I  had  lost  my  former 
fluency  in  my  own  native  tongue"  {Journal,  p.  219). 

Schoolcraft,  referring  to  Rev.  Peter  Jones'  translation  of  the  first  Book 
of  Genesis,  published  in  1835,  says  {Archives  of  Aborig.  Knowledfje,  iv, 
p.  531): 

"The  idiom  of  the  Missisuuga  form  of  the  Chippewa,  which  is 
employed  throughout  the  translation,  is  perceptibly  different  from  the 
more  rigid  intonation  and  form  of  the  vow^el  sounds  as  heard  in  the  region 
of  Lake  Superior  ;  but  the  language  is  literally  the  same  and  is  well  un- 
derstood by  these  northern  bands."  As  an  example,  he  cites  Mississaga 
mtmedoo  =  noryhern  monedo. 

Sir  Daniel  Wilson,  in  his  Prelmtoric  Man  (3d  ed.,  ii,  p.  369),  gives  a 
useful  list  of  "specimens  of  Indian  onomatopoeia,"  wiiich  "have  been 
noted  down  chielly  from  the  lips  of  Indians  speaking  the  closely  allied 
Chippewa,  Odawah  and  Mississaga  dialects  of  the  Algonquin  tongue." 

The  examination  of  all  accessible  modern  Mississaga  material  leads  to 
the  conclusion  that  the  language  of  the  3[ississagas  is  radically  the  same 
as  that  of  the  Otcipwe  and  Nipissings,  and  has  certain  peculiarities,  local, 
perhaps,  which  differentiate  it  slightly  from  both  of  these.  On  the  whole, 
it  would  seem  to  be  more  closely  akin  to  the  dialect  of  Cuoq's  Nipissing 
than  to  that  of  Baraga's  Otcipwe. 

The  short  comparative  vocabularj'  has  been  compiled  in  order  to  show, 
approximately,  the  position  of  the  language  of  the  Mississagas  amongst 
the  Algonkian  tongues.  All  evidence  shows  it  to  be  almost  identical  with 
the  Nipissing  and  Otcipwe,  but  it  possesses  a  number  of  words  peculiar 
to  itself.  It  also  has  many  words  which  seem  nearest  to  the  Cree  iu 
form,  while  others  resemble  most  the  Lenape. 


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73 


Other  than  a  few  proj)er  names  scattered  here  and  there  in  the  old 
records  of  colonial  New  York  and  Canada,  the  first  lini^nistic  material  of 
the  Mississagas  is  tiie  list  of  words  of  the  "  Messissauger, "  published  in 
1797  by  Benjamin  Smith  Barton  in  his  New  Views  (pp.  1-80),  and  reprinted 
by  Allen  (ISoO),  Pickering-Say  (1823-1843),  Adelung-Vater  (180G-1S17), 
Gallatin  (1836).  This  short  list  has  continued  to  be  the  only  vocabulary 
of  the  Indians  calling  themselves  "Mississagas"  known  to  the  student  ot 
the  Algonkian  touirues  until  the  discovery  of  the  Toronto  manuscript  and 
the  procuring  bj'  the  writer  of  the  vocabulary  now  publislied  by  him. 

In  the  introduction  to  his  "Synopsis"  Gallatin  remarks:  "  Altiiough 
it  may  be  presumed  that  the  Mississagues  did  not,  in  that  respect,  differ 
materially  from  the  other  northern  Algonkins  (a  question  which  Smith 
Barton's  short  vocabulary  does  not  enable  us  absolutely  to  decide),  they 
appear  to  have  (probably  on  account  of  their  geographical  position)  pur- 
sued a  different  policy,  and  separated  their  cause  from  that  of  their  kin- 
dred tribes"  (Arch.  Ainer.,  \\,  p.  30). 

Following  are  the  words  given  by  Barton  (according  to  Arch.  Ainer.,  ii, 
p.  375): 


Belly  (my) , 

Bread, 

Daughter 

Dog, 

Eye, 

Father  (my), 

Fire, 

Flesh, 

God, 

Hand  (my), 


neemooteh. 
beequaussekun. 

neetauniss. 

nannemoosh. 

wuskink. 

nosau. 

scutteh. 

■wigoussah. 

mungo  minnato. 

nochkiss. 


I, 

Land, 
Ma   , 
]\Ioon, 

Mother  [my, 
thy  mother], 
Son  (my). 
Star, 
Sun, 
Water, 
Wood  [my]. 


nindoh. 
liockie. 
sinneeh. 
lenaupe-keeshoo. 

kukkis. 

neetauniss. 

minnato. 

keeslioo. 

nippee. 

netaukun. 


Some  of  these  words  are  worth  discussing  a  little.  The  radical  of  nee- 
tnooteh  (my  belly)  does  not  agree  with  the  ousatt  of  the  Toronto  MS.  or 
the  nintissdd  (my  belly)  of  Baraga's  Otcipwe,  the  Xipissing  nimisat,  but 
is  rather  identical  with  the  Cree  matay  (ventre).  Nochkiss  (my  hand) 
most  resembles  the  Lenap^  nachk  (my  hand).  The  word  for  "mother" 
finds  its  cognate  in  the  Otcipwe  l-inrjnshi  (Wilson,  kerjiishe,  thy  mother), 
Modern  Lenape  g'ichk  (my  mother),  Lenape  yuhowes,  guka  (mamma). 
The  words  for  "wood"  (netaukun)  and  for  "star"  (tninnato)  are  pecu- 
liar. The  "wood"  may  mean  "forest,"  in  which  case  rapprochement 
with  the  Leniipe  tekene  (woods,  an  uninhabited  place)  ;  if  it  mean  "  wood  " 
in  the  other  sense  it  is  no  doubt  tlie  same  us  Lenape  tachan  (wood,  piece 
of  wood),  with  a  pronominal  prefix  of  the  first  person.  Minnato  seems 
to  mean  "spirit;"  the  word  for  "God,"  munqo  minnato  =:"  great 
spirit;"  mungo  is  cognate  with  the  Nipissing  radical  mmig-,  "great," 
and  minnato  would  seem  to  be  the  same  as  manito.  The  word  for 
"moon"  may  signify  "male  sun,"  the  first  component  being  the  same 


74 


as  the  Lenape  lenape,  "Indian,  man."  The  words  for  "do<r,"  "man" 
and  "I"  are  probablj''  misspelt,  the  n-  of  the  tirst  and  the  -oh  of  the 
third  being  added  by  mistal<e  ;  the  s-  of  the  second  should  probably  be  an 
1-.  The  words  for  "bread,  eye,  father,  flesh,  land,  daughter,  son,  sun, 
water"  ditTor  but  slightly,  when  we  consider  the  imperfect  orthography, 
from  the  corresponding  terms  in  the  Toronto  MS.  and  the  Skugog  vocab- 
ulary. 
The  words  as  given  Smith  Barton  himself  are  as  follows  : 


God, 

muDgo-minnato 

Eye, 

Avuskink. 

Father, 

nosau. 

Hand, 

noch-kiss. 

]Mother, 

kukkis. 

Belly, 

nee-moo-teh  (my 

Son, 

neechaunis  (my  son). 

belly). 

Daughter, 

n  e  e  I  a  u  n  i  s      ( m  y 

Flesh, 

wiyoussah,     wyyous- 

daughter). 

sah. 

Fire, 

scuttaw,     scut-teh. 

Sun, 

keeshoo. 

scoot-teh. 

Moon, 

lenaupe-keeshoo. 

Dog, 

nanne-moosh. 

Star, 

minnato-woccon. 

Bread, 
I, 

beequassekun. 
nindoh. 

Earth,    ) 
Land,     1 

nindoh-hockee. 

Man; 

linueeh. 

Wood, 

netaukun. 

Regarding  the  Mississagas  and  their  language  he  makes  the  following 
remarks  : 

"The  Messissaugers,  or  Messasagues,  are  a  most  dirty  race  of  Indians 
residing  about  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior"  {Xcw  Views,  first  ed.,  Phila- 
delphia, 1797,  p.  xxxiii  ;  2d  cd.,  Philadelphia,  1798,  p.  xxxiii). 

"The  language  of  these  Indians  is  undoubtedly  very  nearly  allied  to 
that  of  the  Chippewas,  Naticks  and  others  at  the  head  of  my  larger  lists. 
But  it  contains  words  in  the  languages  of  some  of  the  southern  tribes 
also  "  {Xeio  Views,  2d  ed.,  Philadelphia,  1798,  App.,  p.  4). 

A  most  important  monument  of  Mississaga  linguistics  is  the  French- 
Indian  manuscript  preserved  in  the  Public  Library  of  the  city  of  Toronto, 
a  fitting  resting  place  for  it,  since  the  site  of  the  Queen  City  was  once 
covered  by  the  wigwams  of  the  people  whose  speech  it  records.  Saving 
the  vocabulary  of  Carver,  this  is  tiie  earliest  linguistic  material  of  any 
consequence  in  the  dialects  of  the  western  Algonkian  tribes  of  Canada. 
The  manuscript  (which  came  into  the  possession  of  the  Librar^^  by  the 
gift  of  Mr.  Fulton  St.  George,  whose  father,  a  French  Royalist  and  one  of 
the  early  settlers  in  the  region  of  York,  was  at  one  time  engaged  in  the 
fur  trade  and  had  occasion  to  travel  frequently  between  York  and  Lake 
Simcoe)  is  written  on  loose  sheets  (pp.  52,  8vo)  which  were  afterwards 
sewn  together.  Several  of  the  pages  contain  notes  of  the  sale  of  goods, 
prices  of  furs,  etc.,  and  the  whole  tenor  of  the  vocabulary  leads  one  to 
believe  that  it  was  the  work  of  a  trader.  Curiously  enougli,  religious 
terms  are  wanting,  while  other  categories  of  words  to  be  expected  in  a 
trader's  notes  are  present.     There  are  a  number  of  dates  written  down  in 


75 

the  MS.,  the  principal  of  whicli  l)clong  to  the  year  1801  (26  f6v.;  10  fev- 
rier  ;  8,  22  Janvier  ;  8  mars,  etc.).  For  this  and  other  reasons  I  am 
inclined  to  fix  the  date  of  the  vocabulary  at  1801  approximately  (it  may 
be  earlier,  possibly  later).  The  linguistics  of  the  MS.  (which  is  French- 
Indian)  consist  of  some  500  words  (names  of  parts  of  the  body,  members 
of  the  family,  natural  phenomena  and  objects,  animals,  birds,  insects, 
fishes,  fruits,  articles  of  food,  dress,  etc.,  implements  and  instruments), 
some  400  phrases  and  sentences,  about  a  dozen  names  of  men  and 
women,  besides  half  a  dozen  short  songs.  There  can  be  no  doubt  but 
that  the  dialect  of  the  manuscript  is  that  of  the  Mississagas  of  the  region 
between  York  and  Lake  Simcoe. 

The  importance  of  this  manuscript  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the 
changes  that  have  taken  place  in  the  language  of  the  Mississagas  in  the 
course  of  nearly  a  centurj-  is  obvious,  and  the  writer  has  carefully  exam- 
ined it  with  that  end  in  view.  As  regards  the  grammar,  it  may  be  said 
that,  if  any  change  at  all  has  taken  place,  a  comparison  with  the  modern 
language,  with  Otcipwe  and  Xipissing  fails  to  make  it  visible  to  any  ex- 
tent.    A  few  examples  will  indicate  this  : 


English. 

MiSSISSAGA  (1801). 

Baraga's  OtcIpwe, 

My  fixther-in-law. 

nissinis. 

ninsiniss. 

Tliy  father-in  law. 

quisinis, 

kisiniss. 

Ilis  father-in-law, 

ousinissin. 

osinissan. 

My  son-in-law. 

niningouan. 

niningwan. 

Thy  son-in-law. 

quiningouan, 

kiningwan. 

His  son-in-law, 

oningouanan. 

oningwauan. 

Star, 

ananque. 

anang. 

Stars, 

ananquaque. 

anangog. 

I  say. 

nindiquit, 

nind  ikkit. 

Thou  sayest, 

quitiquit, 

kid  ikkit. 

He  saj's. 

equito. 

ikkito. 

I  am  strong, 

ni  mascawich. 

nin  mashkawis. 

He  is  strong. 

mascawisi. 

mashkawissin. 

The  vocabulary,  of  course,  is  liable  to  show  more  changes  than  is  the 
grammar.     The  loan-words  which  occur  in  the  MS.  are  : 

Owistioya,  blacksmith ; 

iMooule,  bottle ; 


Zaganassa, 

Napane, 

Cenipa, 


Englishman  ; 
flour  ; 
ribbon  ; 


from  an  Iroquois  word, 
from  French  bouteille. 
from  French  anghds  (?). 
from  French  la  farine. 
from  French  du  ruban  ("?). 


For  these  the  Skiigog  Mississagas  still  say  :  dwicto'-tyd,  omu'aie,  cdgEnoc, 
nd'pane,  senlpKU,  and  the  Otcipwo  and  Nipissing  words  correspond. 

The  significations  of  the  great  bulk  of  the  vocabulary  have  remained 
the  same,  but  a  fe%v  changes  are  noticeable.  Wd'bimin,  which  in  the  3IS. 
of  1801  means  "peach,"  is  used  at  Skugog  in  the  sense  of   "apple." 


76 


Some  ■words  are  rendered  quite  dirterenth'  in  the  Toronto  MS.  and  in  the 
Skfigog  vocabuhiry,  but  the  absence  of  the  corresponding  words  (which 
probably  existed)  is  easily  explained.    Examples  of  this  are  the  following  : 


English. 
Apple, 
Ash, 
Button, 
Cherry, 
Sarsaparilla, 


TOKONTO  MS.,  1801. 
missimln  (big  fruit), 
annimis  (species?), 
cascaougzacoican, 
teiscaouemen, 
wabazasque, 


Skugog  JIississ.\ga,  1888-9. 
wa'bimin  (white  fruit). 
wisa'gEk  (black  ash). 
bKtn  (English  button), 
okwa'min. 
oku'dEk  (leg-root). 


Some  words  appear  in  a  somewhat  different  form  in  the  two  vocabu- 
laries, e.  g.  : 

Toronto  MS.,  1801. 
nousc§, 
scoute, 
whentigous, 
keiaouis, 
pesicocouci, 
ascebabet. 


English. 
Father  (my), 
Fire, 

Frenchman, 
Herring, 
Horse, 
Thread, 


Skugog  Mississaga. 
nos. 

iskilu'k. 
waniitigu'ci. 
oke'wMS. 
papadjIkogEcI. 
sasEbEb,  etc. 


These,  however,  are  all  susceptible  of  ready  explanation.  The  word 
papoux  (child),  which  appears  in  the  Toronto  MS.,  is  not  current  at  Sku- 
gog, and  the  same  may  be  said  of  a  few  other  words,  as  can  be  seen  from 
the  vocabularies. 

Regarding  phonetics  not  much  can  be  said,  on  account  of  the  uncer- 
tainty which  attaches  itself  to  the  reading  of  many  words  in  the  3IS., 
and  by  reason  of  the  fiict  that  the  recorder  did  not  sjiell  the  same  word 
alwaj's  alike,  even  when  there  could  be  no  doubt  of  its  being  identically 
the  same.  It  is  worthy  of  note,  however,  that  the  letter  r  occurs  several 
times  in  the  words  esquar  (wife),  paraguan  (hen),  etc.,  though  it  is  pos- 
sible the  r  in  the  latter  word  was  miswritten  for  a  c. 

On  the  wliole,  the  changes  that  have  taken  i)lace  in  the  language  of  the 
Mississagas  since  1801  cannot  be  called  extensive,  and  are  nearly  all  in 
the  line  of  the  dropping  of  one  term  of  two  which  formerly  both  existed. 
The  annexed  list  of  words  has  been  extracted  from  the  Toronto  MS.  for 
the  sake  of  facilitating  comparison. 

Vocabulary  op   the   Mississagas  of  the   Region  between  York 

(Toronto)   and    Lake   Simcoe     (prom  the   Manuscript  in 

the  Public  Library,  Toronto.     Date,  circa  1801). 


Again,  minoua. 
Angry,  niniscatis. 
Apple,  missimin. 
Arm,  aunic. 
Ash,  annimis  (fieue). 


Autumn,  tacouacongue  (I'automne 

derniere). 
Back,  oupicouan. 
Bad,  manandate  (il  est  mauvais). 
Bug,  masquinioute  (sac). 


77 


Ball,  anouen  (balle). 

Barrel,  macacoussac. 

Bass,  achigane. 

Bdsswood,  wicopiinis  (tilleul). 

Bead,  manitoniiiiis. 

Bear,  maquac. 

Beaver,  amic. 

Beech,  azaoui'inis. 

Birch,  ouigouasgueinai  (bouleau). 

Black,  macateoua. 

Blacksmith,  ouistoiya. 

Blanket,  wapayam. 

Blood,  miscuit. 

Blue,  jauouscoua. 

Blueberries,  minen  (bleue). 

Boat,  tscliiman. 

Body,  ouiyaw. 

Bottle,  mooute. 

Box,  macac. 

Bread,  couaseican. 

Brother,  niudaouema  (moQ  frere). 

Brother-in-law  {my),  nila. 

Butterfly,  nemenguan. 

Buttons,  cascaougzacoican. 

Cat,  cazagiiez. 

Cedar,  quisig. 
[   Cherry,  teiscaoueuain. 
'    Chief,  oquiniii. 

Child,  papous  ;  abinouche. 

Chin,  outaraicane. 
j  Clam,  eissens. 
'   Cloth,  miscou.(''gau  (drap  rouge). 

Cloud,  anacouut. 

Cold,  quilini. 

Come,  ondace. 

Corn,  mindamin. 
'   Corn  soup,  mindaminabo. 

Cranberry,  masquiguimin  (atocca). 
i  Crane,  atchitchac. 
■  Crow,  andt'C. 

Daughter,  uindaais  (ma  fllle). 

Day,  gotogom  (uii  jour). 

Deer,  wawasguu. 

Demon,  mauitou. 

Die,  uipan  (mort). 

Drink,  minicoua  (boire). 


Drum,  t(5oueigan  (tambour). 

Duck,  chichip. 

Eagle,  miguissi. 

Earrings,  nabicebison . 

Ears,  outaouac. 

Eat,  ouissine  (manger). 

Eel,  pimissie. 

Eggs,  wawane. 

Elk,  michiouon  (orignal). 

Elm,  anipe. 

Englishman,  zaganassa. 

Enough,  miminique. 

Eyes,  ousquinzic  (yeux  et  visage). 

Face,  ousquinzic. 

Father  {my),  nousc^. 

Father-in-law  {my),  nissinis. 

Feather,  migouane. 

File,  cepauzican. 

Fire,  scoute. 

Fisher,  odzic  (pecheur). 

Flour,  napane. 

Foot,  ozita. 

Formerly,  menouizac. 

Fox,  wagous. 

Frenchman,  whentigous. 

Friend,  nidzi  (men  ami). 

Frying  pan,  sascecocouan. 

Girl,  quicang. 

Give,  mississin   manda  (donne-moi 

cela). 
Glad,  niminooendan. 
Go,  matchau  (vas-l'en). 
Goose,  pisiquissi  (oie). 
Goose  {wild),  nica  (outarde). 
Gooseberry,  chapomin. 
Grape,  chaouemin. 
Grease,  pimito. 
Great,  quitclii. 
Green,  jauouscoua. 
Gun,  pasquesicain. 
Hair,  winissis  (cheveux). 
Hand,  ouingi. 

Hardwood,  manen  (bois  dur). 
Hare,  "wapous. 

Handkerchief,  macata  ceniba  (silk). 
Hat,  tessewiwaquam. 


78 


Head,  ousticouan. 

Heart,  ote. 

Heel,  otlondain. 

Hemlocl-,  quakaquime  (emlot). 

Hen,  paraguan. 

Heron,  cha(iui. 

Herring,  keiaouiss. 

Horse,  pesicocouci. 

Huckleberries,  minen  (bleuo). 

/,  nin. 

Ice,  iiiicouam. 

Jnclian,  nissinabe. 

Iron,  biouabic. 

Kettle,  ac^uec. 

Kill,  nissata  (tuons-le). 

Knees,  ouquitic. 

Knife,  mocomaud. 

KnoiD,  nin  quiquendan  (je  le  sais). 

Lake,  tchigamen. 

Laugh,  papa  (il  rit). 

Leg,  oucate. 

Little,  pangiii  (peu). 

Looking  glass,  wamouschagwan. 

Loon,  manque. 

Lynx,  pisciu  (loup-cervier). 

3Ian,  anini. 

3Ia)i  (old),  quiweudzi. 

Many,  nipina. 

Maple,  aninotic  (erable). 

Marten,  wabiscece. 

Moccasin,  macasin. 

Money,  jonia  (argent). 

Moon,  tibiquisses. 

Morning,  tceba  (matin). 

Mother  (my),  niiiga. 

Mother-in-law  (my),  nisicoussis. 

Mouse,  wawapiuolchin. 

Mouth,  outon. 

Muskrat,  ozasque. 

Musquito,  saquima  (maringonin). 

Nail  (finger),  ouscanje. 

Neck,  ocouegan. 

Needle,  cabonican. 

Never,  cauin. 

New,  osqui  (il  est  neuf ). 

Nig7it,  tibiquat. 


No,  not,  cauin. 
Noon,  nawque  ;  nawcoue. 
Nose,  oudzac. 
Nut,  pacanens. 
Oak,  mitigomis. 
Otter,  niquic. 
Owl,  coucoucouou. 
Ox,  pisiqui. 
Paper,  masscjnican. 
Piirtridge,  pin6. 
Peach,  wabiniin. 
Pepper,  w assagan j e. 
I'ike,  ({uinnonzi'. 
Pine,  singuac. 
Pipe,  pouacan. 
Plum,  pagueissane. 
Porcupine,  cake. 
Potato,  opin. 
Pumpkin,  coussimane. 
Queen,  oukimacoue. 
Raccoon,  asceban  (chat  sauvage) 
Rain,  quimicouan. 
Rattlesnake,  sissigua. 
Raven,  cacaouessin. 
Razor,  casquipatchigan. 
Red,  miscouat. 

Redwood,  miscouabimis  (bois  rouge). 
Ribbon,  cenipan. 

Ring  (finger),  tatebini  jibissouen. 
River,  chipi. 
Road,  mican. 
Salt,  sioutagan. 
Salmon,  azaouamec. 
Sarsaparilla,  wabazasque. 
Sassafras,  men aguacomis. 
Sea,  canquitehicamcn. 
Sheep,  manitanis. 
Shirt,  papacooyam. 
S7ioe,  macasin. 

Shot,   sliissibanouen  (i.  e.,    "duck- 
balls"). 
Shoulders,  tiniman  gat. 
Silver,  jonia  (argent). 
Sister,  quitaou6ina  (ta  sanir). 
Sky,  guisic. 
Sleep,  ouipenia  (coucher  ensemble). 


79 


Small,  cassen  (il  est  petit). 

Snake,  quinapic. 

Snoic,  coune  ;  acounc. 

Snoic  (u.).  soguipo  (il  neige). 

Snowshoe,  acam  (raquette). 

Soldier,  osimaganis. 

Son  (my),  ninguis. 

Son-in-hiw  (mi/),  ninninguau. 

Spoon,  miquaa. 

Spring,   ininoquamongue    (le   prin- 

temps  tlernier). 
Squirrel,  atchitanion. 
Star,  ananque. 
Stone,  acceu. 
Strmcherry,  outaymiii. 
Sturgeon,  u^iikj. 
Sucker,  namepin  (carpe). 
Sugar,  sinsibacouc. 
Summer,  awascli  nipinougue  (I'etu 

derniere). 
Sun,  guisiqui  ;  guississe. 
Teeth,  wipit. 
That,  manda. 
Thread,  ascebabet. 
Toad,  omagaqui. 
Tobacco,  cema. 
To-day,  nongom. 
To-morroic,  wabaa. 
Tongue,  d^nanisa. 
Totem,  totaim. 
Town,  ooulenaw. 


Trout,  namengousse. 

Turkey,  luississi. 

Turnip,  tellies. 

Ugly,  ozam  manatisci  (trop  laid). 

Warm,  quisale  (il  fait  cbaud). 

Water,  nipi. 

Weasel,  jingous  (belette). 

What?  wenenV 

Whale,  wabamec  (baleine). 

Where,  anapi. 

Whisky,  scoutfiouabo. 

White,  wabisca. 

White-Jish,  licamec. 

Wife,  esquar. 

Wild  goose,  nica  (outarde). 

Wind,  nououtin. 

Wind  (east),  wabanon. 

Wind  (west),  naouich. 

Wind  (north),  quioueting. 

Wind  (south),  tcliaouenon. 

Windoic,  waschctchican. 

Winter,  pipon. 

Winter,    wespipouongue  (I'hiver 

dernier). 
Wolf,  maingan. 
Woman,  icoue  ;  esciuar. 
Year,  ningopipon  (i.  e.,  "a  winter"). 
Yelloio,  ozaoua. 
Yes,  lie. 

Yesterday,  petcinago. 
You,  quia. 


Trap,  tessonagan. 
The  following  proper  names  occur  in  the  MS.  : 

Dasiganise,  a  woman's  name. 

Sissagua  (rattlesnake),  a  woman's  name. 

Nipinauquec,  father  of  Sissiqua. 

Masqueigone,  probably  a  man's  name. 

Wabakima,  probably  a  man's  name. 

Nisguioutche,  probably  a  man's  name. 

Xipiuanacouat  (summer  cloud),  probably  a  man's  name. 

ISIematasse,  probably  a  man's  name. 

Manitouen,  probablj^  a  man's  name. 

Guisiguapi,  man's  name. 

Quinabic  (snake),  son  of  the  former. 

Eissens  (clam),  man's  name. 

Chicouessee,  (?). 

Qucquecons,  (?). 


80 

BlBHOC.RAPIlY   OF    THE   MlSSISSAGA   LANGUAGE. 

Adelung,  J.  C,  AND  Vatku,  J.  S.     Mithridates  oder  allgemeine  SpracJi- 
tnkunde  mit  dem  Vater  Unser  als  Sprachprobe  in  beinahe  funfhnndert 
Sprarhen  itnd  M>indarten.     Berlin,  IfiOfi  [-1817],  4  vols.,  Svo. 
Vol.  iii,  Pt.  iii,  contains,  according  to  Prof.  Pilling,  "  Messissauger  Vo- 
cabularies," pp.  343,  344,  415,  41C  (from  Barton). 
Allen,  "W.     Wunnisoo ;   or,  The   Vale  of  lloosatunnuk.      A  Poem  with 
Notes.     Boston,  MDCCCLVI  [185(5]. 
Prof.  Pilling  stales  that  tliis  book  contains  an  account  of  Indiun  lan- 
guages (pp.  174-192),  with  short  vocabularies  of  Algonkian  bmguages 
(pp.  179-181),  amongst  them  of  the  Messisagua.     See  Pillinfj's  Bibli- 
ograpliy. 
Barton,  B.  S.     New   View?,  of  the  OrUiin  of  the  Tribes  and  Nations  of 
America.     Philadelphia,  1797,  Svo,  pp.  i-xii,  i-cix,  1-83. 
Contains  (pp.  1-80)  comparative  vocabularies  of  numerous  Algonkian 

languages,  amongst  them  of  the  Mcssissaugers. 
According  to  Prof.  Pilling,  the  second  edition,  issued  in  1798,  contains 
the  same  entry. 
"Some  Account  of  the  Different  Species  and  Varieties  of  Na- 
tive American  or  Indian  Dogs."     In  Philaddphia  Medical  and  Phys. 
Journal,  Vol.  i,  Pt.  ii,  pp.  3-31.     Pliiladelpliia,  1805,  Svo. 
Discusses  names  for  dogs  in  various  American  dialects,  including  ]\Ies- 
sisauger.     Title  from  Pilling. 
"On  Indian   Dogs."      The  Philosophical  Magazine,    Vol.    xv 


(Feb.-May,  1803),  pp.  1-9,  130-143. 
Apparently  the  same  as  the  previous,  and  contains  the  same  linguistics. 
Buckingham,  James  S.     Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunsioick  and  the 
Other  British  Provinces  in  North  America.     With  a  Plan  of  National 
Colonization.     London,  1843. 
Contains  (p.  45)  explanation  of  the  origin  of  the  English  and  Indian 
names  of  the  Credit  River. 
Campbell,    Rev.   Puof.   J.     "The  Alliliation   of  the   Algonquin  Lan- 
guages."    Proc.    Uanad.  Inst,  Toronto.     New  series,  Vol.  i  (1879), 
pp.  15-53. 
The  comparative  vocabulary  (pp.  26-45)  coatains  a  few  Mississagua 

words. 
Prof.  Pilling  cites  a  reprint  of  this. 

"Origin  of  the  Aborigines  of  Canada."     Trans.    Quebec  Lit. 

and  Hist.  Soc,  1S80-18S1  (Quebec,  1882),  pp.  61-93,  and  Appendix, 
pp.  i-xxxiv. 
According  to  Prof.  Pilling,  the  "Comparative  Vocabulary  of  the  Al- 
gonquin and  Polynesian  Languages"  (pp.  xv-xix)   includes  a  few 
]\Iissisagua  words. 
This  paper  was  issued  separately.     Pp.   1-33,  Appendix,  pp.   i-xxxiv, 
Svo.     Quebec,  188 1.     See  Pilling' s  Bibliography. 
Canada  and  the  Oregon.     London,  MDCCCXLVI.     This  work  contains 


81 

passim  a  few  words  of  the  Mississagasof  Rice  and  Mud  Lakes  and  a 
brief  remark  on  the  Indian  Language  (p.  31i)). 
Canniff,  William,  ]\I.D.     History  •>/ the  Settlement  of  Upper  Canada. 
With   Especial   Reference   to  the   Bay  of   Quinte.     Toronto,   18G9, 
pp.  i-xxxi,  1-671,  8vo. 
Chapter  xxvi,  pp.  823-326,  treats  of  the  Mississagua  Indians,  and  the 
work  contains  passim  the  explanation  of  a  number  of  Indian  place 
names. 
Chamberlain,  A,  F.     "Mississagua  Etymology."     /Scte/ice,  New  York, 
Vol.  xii  (1888),  p.  132. 
Discusses  the  etymology  of  some  twenty  jNIississagua  (Skuiroij;)  words. 

"Notes  on  the  History,  Customs  and  Beliefs  of  the  ]Mississa"-ua 

Indians."    Journ.  of  Amer.  Folk-Lore.  Vol.  i  (1888),  pp.  150-100. 
Contains  proper  and  geograi)hical  names,  words,  etc.,  passim.     Also  a 

few  short  songs  (from  the  Toronto  ]\IS.). 
This  paper  was  issued  sei)arateh'.     Cambridge,  1888. 

"  Tales  of  the  Mississaguas. "  1.     Journal  of  Amer.  Folk-Lore, 

Vol.  ii  (1889).  PI).  141-147. 
Contains  texts  of  myths  in  ^Mississagua  (of  Skugog)  with  interlinear 
and  free  translations  into  English. 
"The  Archtieology  of  Skugog  Island. "     The  Port  Perry  Stand- 
ard [newsiiaper],  Vol.  xxiii,  No.  30  (March  7,  1881J),  p.  2. 
Contains  the  Mississaga  names  of  articles  of  archteological  interest. 
This  article  has  been  reprinted. 

"The  Language  of  the  Mississaguas  of  Scugog  "  (Abstract). 

Pror.  Canad.  Inst.,  Vol.  xxv  (1890),  pp.  104-106. 
Brief  notice  of  some  of  the  peculiarities  of  this  dialect,  with  short  list 

of  peculiar  words. 
This  article  has  been  reprinted. 

"Algonkiu     Onomatology,    with     Some     Comparisons     with 

Basque."     Proc.  Am.  Ass.  Adv.  Science,  Vol.  xxxviii  (1889),  pp.  351, 
352  (Abstract). 
Contains  a  few  Mississagua  words. 

"Mississagua  Place  Names."    Journ.  of  Amer.  Folk-lore,  Vol. 

iii  (1890),  p.  7. 
Discusses  the  etymology  of  a  number  of  geographical  names. 

"Tales  of  the  Mississaguas."  II.     Ibid.,  pp.  149-154. 

Contains  Mississagua  texts  with  interlinear  and  free  English  transla- 
tions (pp.  150,  151).  Also  songs  (pp.  152,  153)  and  proper  names 
(pp.  153,  154). 

•Notes  on  Indian  Child  Language."    American  Anthropolofjist 


(Washington),  Vol.  iii  (1890),  pp.  237-241. 
Contains  (p.  238)  a  few  Missis^sagua  words. 

"The  JNIaple  amongst  the  Algonkian  Tribes."  Ibid.,  iv  (1891), 

pp.  39-43. 

Discusses  (p.  42)  Mississaga  words  for  "maple"  and  "sugar." 


82 

Chamberlain,    A.  F.     "The  Aryau   Element  in   Indian  Dialects."  I. 
The  Canadian  Indian,  Vol.  i  (1890.  1891),  pp.  148-153. 
Contains  (p.  150)  notice  of  loanwords  in  Mississaga. 
This  article  has  been  rei>rinted.    Owen  Sound  [1891],  pp.  8.    Mississaga 
item  on  p.  5. 

"The  Algonkian  Indians  of  Baptiste  Lake."     Fourth  Annual 

Report  of  the  Canadian  Institute  (Session  1890-1891).    Toronto,  1891, 
pp.  83-89. 
Contains  (p.  89)  a  few  Mississaga  words. 
COPWAY,  GicouGE.     The  Life,  Ilistory  and  Travels  of  Kah-(je  ga-gah-howh 
{George  Copway),  etc.     Albany,  1847,  pp.  v-vii,  5-234. 
Contains  j)«S6i//i  a  few  Indian  words  and  proper  names.    Also  (at  p.  34) 
a  two-line  hunter's  song  in  the  language  of  the  Mississaga  Indians  of 
Rice  Lake,  with  English  translation. 
Edwauds,  Rev.  .Jonatiiax.     See  Pickering,  J. 

Gallatin,  Hon.  Albert.     "A  Synopsis  of  the  Indian  Tribes  within  the 
United  States  East  of  the  Rockj^  Mountains,  and  in  the  British  and 
Russian  Possessions  in  Xorth  America."     Archceologia  Americana, 
Vol.  ii  (1836),  pp.  1-142. 
On  p.  375  are  the  ^Messi-ssauga  words  cited  from  Barton. 
Indian  Chief  The.     Toronto,  1SC7. 

This  work  contains  passim  many  ^Mississaga  proper  names,  often  with 
explanations. 
Jones,  Rev.  Peter.  The  First  Book  of  Genesis.  Toronto,  A.D.  1835, 
pp.  178,  12mo. 
Schoolcraft  (Archives  of  Aboriginal  Knowledge,  Vol.  iv,  p.  531)  says 
that  this  translation  is  in  "the  idiom  of  the  ^lississagua  form  of  the 
Chippewa." 

Life  and  Journals  of  Kak-ke-wa-quo-na-ly  (Rev.   Peter  Jones), 

Wesleyan  Missionary.     Toronto,  1860,  pp.  iii-.\i,  1-424,  8vo. 
Contains  (p.  260)  sentence  in  language  of  jNIississaugas  of  Rice  Lake, 
w'ith  English  translation.     Also  a  few  Mississauga  terms  and  projter 
names  passim. 

Ilistory  of  the  Ojehway  Indians.     With  Especial  Reference  to 

Their  Conversion  to  Christianity.     London,   1861,    pp.  iii-vi,  1-278, 
12mo. 
Reference  to  IMississauga  jyassim.     At  p.  189,  version  of  Lord's  Prayer 

in  Chii)peway  (Eastern)  Mississauga  dialect. 
For  the  Ojebway  works  of  Jones  see  Pilling' s  Bibliography,  sub  nomine, 
LuDEwiG,  H.   E.     The  Literature   of  American  Aboriginal  Languages. 
With  Addition  and  Corrections  by  Prof.  AV.  W.  Turner.     London, 
MDCCCLVIII,  pp.  v-xxiv,  1-258,  8vo. 
Contains  (pp.  Ill,  238)  list  of  vocabularies,  etc.,  in  Messisauger. 
McLean,  John,  M.A.,  Ph.D.     James  Evans,  Inventor  of  the  Syllabic  Sys- 
tem of  the  Cree  Language.     Toronto  [1890]. 
Title  from  Prof.  Pilling,  who  slates  that  it  contains  Mississaga  Unguis. 


83 

tics  as  follows  :  Mlssisauga  sentence  with  English  equivalent  (p.  46) 
and  a  prayer  in  the  [Missisauga]  language  of  the  Indians  of  Grape 
Island,  with  English  translation  (pp.  70,  77). 
MooDiE,  Mks.  Slsanna.     Jiouyhing  It  in  the  Bush;  or,    Fori  at  Life  in 
Canada.     New  and  revised  edition.     Toronto,  1871. 
This  work  contains  (pp.  307,  311)  some  remarks  on  the  language  of  tlie 
Mississagas  of  tlie  region  around  Peterborough.     And  also  (p.  294)  a 
brief  reference  to  that  of  Kice  Lake.    A  few  Misaissaga  words  are  given 
passim. 
Mr.  Bain,  of  the  Toronto  Public  Library,  kindly  informs  me  that  edi- 
tions of  this  work,  other  than  the  above,  are  as  follows  :  2  vols.  ]iost. 
8vo,  pp.  008,  London,  Bentley,  1832  ;  2  vols.,  post.  8vo,  pp.  608,  Lon- 
don, 1852,  second  edition  ;  2  vols.,  post.  12mo,  Putnam,  X.  Y.,  1852  ; 
2  vols.,  post.  8vo,  London,  1853  ;   3  vols.,   post.  8vo,  London,  1854  ; 
2  vols.,  12mo,  New  York,  1854  ;  1  vol.,  London,  1857.    I  am  not  able 
to  state   whether  the  linguistic  matter  is  contained  in  all  of  these 
editions  or  not. 
Pickering,  J.     See  Say,  T. 

Playteh,  Geo.  D.  'The  History  of  Methodism  in  Canada.  "With  an  Ac- 
count of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Work  of  God  amongst  the 
Canadian  Tribes,  and  Occasional  Notices  of  the  Civil  Aft'airs  of  the 
Province.  Toronto,  1802,  pp.  viii,  413,  12mo. 
Title  from  Pitting' s  Bibliography  of  the  Iroquoian  Languages,  where  it  is 
stated  that  this  work  contains  (p.  224)  a  si.xline  verse  of  a  hjann  in 
the  language  of  the  [Mississaga]  Indians  of  Grape  Island,  Bay  of 
Quinte,  with  English  translation. 
Salt,  Rev.  Allen.  "  Audesokon  Netumesing  Tushemind  Nanebozho." 
A  legend  concerning  Nanebozho,  in  the  Mississaga  language.  MS., 
10  ])[).,  ordinary  note  paper.  In  possession  of  the  writer  of  this 
essay. 

"Brief  Vocabulary  of  the  Mississaga  Language."     MS.,  8  pp. 

In  the  possession  of  the  writer  of  this  essay. 
Say,  T.     "Notes  to  Jno.  Pickering's  Edition  of  Edwards'  Observations 
on  the  Mohegan  Language."     In  collections  of  the  ISIass.  Hist.  Soc. 
Second  series.  Vol.  x.     Boston,  1823,  8vo.     Reprinted,  Boston,  1843. 
8vo,  pp.  135-145. 
The  Messissauger  words  given  are  from  Smith  Barton. 
ScHOMBURGK,  SiR  ROBERT  H.     "A  Vocabularv  of  the  ^laiankong  Lan- 
guage  [South  America]."     Philol.   Soc.    [Loudon]   Proe.,   Vol.  iv, 
pp.  217-222,  London,  1850. 
Title  from  Prof.  Pilling,  who  states  that  the  paper  contains  the  word 
for  "sun  "  in  various  Algonkian  tongues,  including  the  Mississaugi. 
Schoolcraft,  H.   R.      Archives  of  Aboriginal  Knowledge,  etc.     Vol.  i, 
1860. 
Contains  (p.  306)  etymology  of  the  word  "Missisagies." 
Vol.  iv,  p.  531,  contains  a  brief  remark  on  the  Mississaga  language. 


84 

Seneu,  S.  M.     "Some  Indian  Names."     Ilarrisburg  Telegraph,  "Notes 
and  Queries,"  No.  ccxx.xv,  Ilarrisburg,  Pa.,  June  29,  1889. 
Title  from  Prof.  Pilling,  who  states  that  the  article  contains  the  name 
for  "elk,  don;,"  etc.,  in  a  number  of  American  languages,  including 
Mississagua.     The  list  is  compiled  Irom  Barton  (q.  v.). 
Toronto  Public  Library.     "French-Indian  [Mississaga]  Vocabulary," 
MS.,  pp.  53,  8vo. 
This  vocabulary,   which  dates  from  between  1798  and  180.J,  contains 
some  500  words,  400  verb  forms  and  sentences,  about  a  dozen  proper 
names  and  a  few  short  songs.     The  dialect  is  that  of  the  Mississagas 
of  the  region  between  York  (now  Toronto)  and  Lake  Simcoe. 
Traill,   Catharine   Park.      The  Canadian  Crusoes.     [Boston,  1881.] 

Few  Mississaga  words  passim. 
Trumbull,  Dr.  J.  II.     "On  Algonkin  Names  for  Man."     Trans.  Amer. 
Philol.  Assoc.  (18G9-1870),  pp.  138-159. 
Discusses  (p.  147)  the  Mississaga  word  for  "man"  (linneep)  given  by 
Barton  ((/.  v.). 

"Notes  on  Forty  Versions  of  the  Lord's  Prayer  in  Algonkin 

Languages."     Ibid.  (1873),  pp.  113-193. 
No.  26,  Chippewa  (Eastern)  Mississauga.    A  version  by  the  Rev.  Peter 

Jones,  taken  from  his  lllstonj  of  the  Ojehicay  Indians,  p.  189. 
Dr.  Trumbull  gives  explanatory  notes.     See  Jones. 
Wilson,  Sir  Danikl,  LL.D.,    F.R.S.E.     Prehistoric  Man.     Researches 
into  the  Origin  of  Civilization  in  the  Old  and  the  New  World.      3 
vols.,  8vo,  Cambridge  and  London,  18G3. 
Vol.  i,  pp.  73,  74,  contains  a  short  list  of  Mississagua  and  otlier  Algon- 
kian  words  as  examples  of  onomatopoeia. 

Prchidorie  Man,  etc.     Second  edition.     Loudon,  1805,     1  vol., 

8vo. 
Mississagua  linguistics  (pp.  03,  64)  as  in  previous  edition. 

Prehistoric  Man.     Researches  into  the  Origin  of  Civilization  in 

the  Old  and  the  New  World.     Third  edition,  revised  and  enlarged. 
London,  1876,  3  vols.,  8vo. 
Vol.  ii,  pp.  368,  869,  vocabulary  of  some  twenty-five  words  containing 
examples  of  onomatopoeia  in  Mississagua  and  other  Algonkin  dialects. 


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